Voyager System essays

Voyager System essays This report contents information about the Voyager System used by the Access Services Department of Harvey A. Andruss Library. The computerized system function as an integrated library animation that depends on a network support service. It is linked to a main server in Shippensburg. This server enables the library to share information with the seven Pennsylvania state universities. So, the students, staffs, faculties and Pennsylvania residences can have access to educational materials. The focuses of the report are to describe the configuration of the voyager system and its operations, not forgetting the possible suggestion to improve the system. The Harvey A. Andruss Library is essentially responsible to provide services in the form of adequate resources of information. It mainly consists of over 300,000 volumes of Library collection within the range of Governmental Reports to periodical data. In addition to the general collection, the library has several hundreds periodical online and on its shell. For example, it has periodical of journals and magazines. They are updated as frequent as possible to issue that the information are current. Moreover, it has been estimated that the Library obtains close to 1700 current periodicals but hold stock of several thousands more. Anybody can have access to these periodical by checking the periodical holding list. This List is available to users on the computer stations, the Circulation Desk or the Reference Desk. Some of the documents are reserved on microfilm. The most common form of documents in this category is the congressional Records. For example, the American statistical Index and other form of information sources in the Library are the news bank, Newspapers, reserves materials, oversize books, career guidance collection, musical scores, sound recordings and Loan period. The organization and maintenance of the Library information are handled by the voyager system. The voyager sys...

Blue Sky Software Consulting firm - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Blue Sky Software Consulting firm - Smart Custom Writing Importance of waterImportance of water in human body Water can be defined as a clear, odorless, tasteless, and colorless liquid that is very crucial for most animal and plant life and the most commonly used as compared to other solvents. It is well known that, water is the most abundant substance and very crucial in the human body. Human mass consists of about three quarters of water and this is the major constituent in all cells within the body. Water plays critical roles in the human body, for instance provision of a medium in which blood cells bath, regulation of body temperature, improving digestion, carrying the absorbed nutrients throughout the body, and it is used in the elimination of waste and toxic substances from the body (Claybourne, 2006). Blood in the human body consist of 95 percent water. Water provides a medium in which blood cells bath such that it allows for exchange of materials like nutrients in and out of the cells normally. The average normal body temperature for human body is 37 degrees Celsius. Water ensures that, during the normal conditions of the body, the temperature does not exceed this limit by more that 1 degree Celsius. Through sweating, human body can lose excess heat and this account for 22 percent of the ways the body loses excess heat. Water has a characteristic latent heat of vaporization such that when it gets at the surface of the skin as sweat, it will absorb the excess heat and evaporate as it attains about 100 degrees Celsius (Claybourne, 2006). Water is very vital during the process of digestion in human beings. The ingested food needs to be softened so that it can be acted on by enzymes. For example in the mouth, that saliva contains water, mucus and the ptyalin enzyme. This enzyme can work on the cooked starch arriving at the mouth after it has been moistened. Water provides for a medium in which nutrients are dissolved after digestion has taken place. Nutrients in solution form get absorbed into the blood circulatory system from where they are assimilated into various body cells and tissues for metabolism. After metabolism, waste products which result need to be eliminated. Waste products dissolved in water get their ways out of the body cells and tissues into blood. These waste products are carried to active excretion cites for example skin, lungs, and kidneys (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2008).   Dehydration can be defined as the process by which human body, body part or even an organ loses water due to fluid deprivation or illness. Dehydration is very common in children, infants, and seniors. Young children and infants lose more body water during vomiting or diarrhea. Seniors can also lose water due to vomiting and diarrhea but not as much as in the case of infants and young children. One can realize that he or she is undergoing dehydration when the mouth becomes dry and sticky; having sunken eyes which may not produce tears; feel lethargic, sleepy and tired; the urine out becomes low and its usually dark yellow in color; and experience muscle weakness, headache or dizziness. It is very important to drink a lot of water daily, for instance 8 glasses so that to ensure normal percentage of water in the body. Infants should also be given oral rehydration salts appropriately (Organization, 1976).   References Claybourne, A., (2006). The Human Body. London: Evans. Organization, W., (1976). Treatment and Prevention of Dehydration in Diarrhoeal Diseases.  Ã‚   Geneva: World Health Organization. Rosdahl, C., Kowalski, M. (2008). Textbook of Basic Nursing. Hagerstwon: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Violence in Secondary Schools and Colleges in Britain Essay

Violence in Secondary Schools and Colleges in Britain - Essay Example It is common to read in the newspapers and hear through other people that a teenager has been stabbed in the eye and the head by a fellow of 15 years old at school; we also hear and read about pupils that suffer cuts and bruises in a school/college attack or that are slashed across the face with a pencil sharpener; students mugging other students for their cash and mobile phones, and the list is long. The truth is that this issue has been raised some years ago. The police usually said that the incidents reported where not related to racial disputes. However, this need to be confirmed as usually ethnic groups is also part of the problem. In 2006, Ministers decided to change the law to provide teachers with the legal right to discipline unruly pupils and restrain children using reasonable force. In May 2005 the British government announced the creation of a task force (Curtis:2005) where experts heads and teachers would have to consider a national code of behaviour, and to set minimum standards expected by schools, parents and pupils, in order to tackle poor behaviour. Also, a new offence of "allowing a child to be found in a public place during school hours without good cause" to make sure parents keep track of their children was established, and the controversial right of parents to appeal when a pupil was excluded for more than five days was backed as well (Macleod:2005). The whole initiative represented a new move to construct a "culture of respect" in the classroom. However, as we have already seen, reforms have made little impact. Colleges started to take different measures like installing metal detectors in hundreds of secondary schools in an effort to dissuade pupils from carrying knives and dangerous weapons; increasing guards and security; introducing cameras; among others. The introduction of these cameras was important as by this measure some students were caught red-handed like for example in the act of stealing a purse or breaking the windows of the classroom, or vandalising cars in the school area. The question from now on is the following: How can we improve the current situation For the question raised we can think of many important measures that can be adopted. For example it is necessary to establish norms for behaviour for students. Students can be asked to set penalties and enforce rules. Also it is imperative to encourage parents to talk with teachers about the progress of the child, to engage in a closer relationship with the school authorities, and to learn how to recognize the warning signs of violence either at home or with their peers as they will surely reproduce later in the school environment. For teachers it is also important to recognise the signs of violence as soon as they occur and to stop them immediately. They can report immediately

Power of Facade as an Agent of Camouflage Essay

Power of Facade as an Agent of Camouflage - Essay Example The Theresienstadt concentration Camp The settlement was situated in Czech Prague as a model Jews settlement. It existed between the years of 1941 to 1945. It is main purpose was to be used by elderly, privileged and famous Jews living in Germany, Czech and Austria (Patrick, 2003). But in essence it was used as transition camp to extermination camp of Jews by Nazis. Many of the Jews who occupied the camp were later deported to killing centers for extermination and forced labor camps in German occupied lands in the east. It was also used to hold the Jews for long time before been killed. It was expected that the ill condition of camp could force some of the deportees to die before SS and police could deport the survivors to the killing centers (Patrick, 2003 p.95). The center was a facade to camouflage the harsh treatment of Jews which was particular based on age, disability as a result of past military services. The deported Jews were to be taken to productive labor in the other area s although they were mainly used for forced labor. To achieve the objective of camouflage as humane settlement the Nazis authority build schools that can hold about 15,000 children although less than 1,100 children from 15,000 survived. Truly the center was rich in culture thereby attracting large settlement of Jews (Wright, 2000 p.189). Most of the children learned art, literature and poetry. But later large numbers of deaths were reported from the camp which attracted the attention of international observers. This could be evident from the number of children that survived from the settlement and the Danish Jews saga. This meant there was mass killing in the camp. According to Frank, Klima and Baeck (2011 p.145), the international Red Cross planned to visit the camp in the year 1944 to ascertain the living condition of the camp especially for the Danish Jews. To camouflage the sorry state of the settlement the Nazis authority deported a number of Jews to other camp so as to deconge st up to one person per room. This will make the settlement win the approval of the international Red Cross as humane place for human being and portray the Nazis authority political as better and allay and fear the rumors that the authority is mistreating the Jews through congestation, malnutrition, diseases and forced labor According to (Frank, Klima& Baeck, 2011 p.146). They created nice coffee shop with good attendants. They also created fake food stores to conceal food shortages in the settlement but most of the stores in essence didn’t contain the food for constant supply to deportees (Bolger, 2003 p.201). They created bank to show how economically active the place f\was but in truth no transaction was taking place for the benefit of the Jews. They also build other social amenities like schools and kindergarten for the purpose showing the Red Cross that the camp was taking care for children in the camp. To improve the overall appearance of the settlement they planted flo wer gardens all over the camp and also renovate the camps. During the visit they also produced film showing how life is in the camp. According to Frank, Klima& Baeck (2011 p.103), points out that the Red Cross was able to affirm all was right in the camp. After the International Red Cross left the camp all who took part in the film were later killed

Kids Should Be Paid for Good Grades Essay Example for Free

Kids Should Be Paid for Good Grades Essay Money can be a motivation to encourage students to study hard. The students will feel that their effort is worthy when they are remunerated. Compensation for children’s good grades can also nurture children’s concept about money. And the last, parents can refuse their kids’ unreasonable request of purchasing and let them earn it. In general, kids should get paid for good marks. First, if kids get paid for good grades, they will be motivated to get high marks. As they grow up, their demands on variety things will increase as well. However, their parents will not always satisfy their children’s needs with everything. At this point, some children might be disappointed because they cannot get what they want even though they attain good grades. For instance, if a child wants an iPhone and the parents refuse the request because it is too expensive, the child will concentrate on the iPhone rather than study hard. Instead of saying â€Å"no† to the child, the parents can reward good grades so that the child will maintain good marks in order to buy the phone. Of course, when the child has enough savings due to good performance, the child will eventually received what he or she desired. Thus, money can be a great incentive for children to study hard. Second, children will form financial concepts about the real value of money. They hardly know the purpose of money except it could be used to exchange with the goods they want. They did not know the value, power or even the amount of money. The perception of kids about money would probably be â€Å"money comes out from mommy’s or daddy’s pocket. Therefore, paying children based on their grades allows them to know the concept of â€Å"all pays deserve gains. † Kids will soon realize that money comes from their effort and is for good reasons. Third, due to the modern society that we live in, kids are attracted by lots of fancy and luxury products and they might have unreasonable demand. Parents can refuse the unpractical demands of their children. The children will not unde rstand their parents since they are immature. In order to establish a balance between â€Å"buying what they want† and â€Å"they cannot have it†, paying for good grades is a better solution. If kids get paid, they will keep studying hard. Paying for good school work does not only benefit the children, but also the parents. Kids will be motivated by the appeal of money, while their knowledge of finance will be developed simultaneously. In addition, kids will understand that they harvest what they plant. Therefore, kids should get paid for their good marks.

European History - The Spanish Inquisition :: European Europe History

The Spanish Inquisition This paper will attempt to accurately examine the development of the Spanish Inquisition, from the spread of the Inquisition into the Spanish territories through the ultimate upheaval, and the initial dissolvement, of the authority it held over the public who feared it. It will endeavor to show the implications of the Spanish Inquisition and how it was ultimately used as a device in its own undoing. Such an examination helps to explain the use of Church authority in secular governing, and later the separating of the Church from the crown. The paper will also take a closer look at this racial injustice in an attempt helping to see just how this may happen again if not understood and foreseen. The Church since its origins has suffered from the attack of heretics and their heresies, which have, caused many controversies and schisms within it. The Spanish Inquisition was independent of the medieval Inquisition, which evolved in the Middle Ages as an effective means of coping with the problem of heresy, which became a serious menace to the Catholic Church in the twelfth century. The fame of the Spanish Inquisition, as Ferdinand and Isabella established it at the close of the fifteenth century, was directed at Jewish merchant and Muslim traders, even under reluctant approval of Sixtus IV. The literal meaning of the word heretics is choosing, selecting beliefs outside or of different religions instead of accepting obediently the whole faith of the Catholic Church. Although, no authorities could completely agree on how to deal with the so-called problem of heretics, they did all agree that it had to be dealt with. A heretic is a highly unpopular person in a Middle Age town, the heretic is, then, seen as an equal to any common criminal, a rebel, and a pariah. Both civil and church authorities can run an inquisition in order to root out non-believers from a nation or religion in the wake of the decline of the Roman Empire. The Spanish Inquisition was used for both political and religious reasons and founded by the Catholic Kings in 1478 . Spain at the time was a nation-state that was born out of religious struggle between numerous different belief systems including Catholicism, Islam, Protestant and Judaism. Following the Crusades and the Reconquest of Spain by the Christian Spaniards the leaders of Spain needed a way to unify the country into a strong nation.

Police Discretion Essay

Discretion is one of the tools used by police officers discretion that allows them to adapt to changing conditions in society. This vital aspect of his position helps the officer to fairly and equitably apply and enforce the laws he has sworn to uphold. Using Discretion At some point in their lives, everyone uses discretion at one time or another. In the case of the police officer, however, discretion is an invaluable skill used in the performance of every aspect of his job function. When an officer detains a person for any reason, he must be able to qualify and justify his reasoning for the stop. If he is unable to do so, he may find himself not only in an awkward situation legally, but potentially a life-threatening one. Officers use professional discretion in a myriad of ways, from the more mundane; pulling a vehicle over because an officer observed a motorist demonstrating suspicious behavior to entering a home without a warrant due to exigent circumstances. Either way, there must be a policy in effect to control arbitrary discretion. Discretion under Control Controlling discretion should start long before the hiring process begins. The most suitable method would be a double-pronged test. The first examination would be a formal, standardized, psychological test followed up with an oral review of specific situations that an officer might run across on a daily basis. Once a candidate is hired, role-playing would be the next logical avenue to follow to hone and maintain an officer’s abilities to handle a wide variety of situations. Another alternative for controlling discretion would be an agency’s use of mechanical devices to monitor common areas and generate automated enforcement documents. Photo radar, red light cameras and generalized video surveillance are three examples of such measures. This may be a viable option for satisfying the community and making sure that all laws are enforced free of bias or opinion. Using these methods, all applicable laws and policies are followed and discrimination is kept to a minimum. Full Enforcement: Smoke and Mirrors Society is under the impression that police officers are in compliance with the complete, unilateral enforcement of all laws. This mythical aspect of policing does more harm than good in most situations since this false impression can lead to feelings of discrimination or persecution. The reality of the situation is that police officers have considerable, although unofficial, latitude in their decision-making process for day-to-day operations. â€Å"Officers are paid to make specialized decisions through a prism of their training, experience and totality of the circumstances. (Petrocelli, 2007) Police officers are allowed to diverge from full enforcement for numerous reasons and in a wide variety of different manners. However, the law and departmental policy must set limits on the amount and extent of discretion on the part of the officers. To that end, a number of different scenarios can be examined and the implications of an officer’s judgment can be seen. Actions and Reactions Here are some examples of actions and reactions that can affect, or are the result, of an officer’s exercise of his discretion. When it comes to the use of force, the police must exercise caution. For instance, when an officer finds himself with a suspect that he is absolutely certain knows the whereabouts of a kidnapped child. After a bit of hard core interrogation the suspect is still unwilling to give the location of the child. In order to obtain a confession, the officer might feel he is justified in using a considerable amount of force in acquiring this information. However, case law states that this would be an unreasonable method of obtaining a confession, even if a child’s life was at stake. On the other hand, when exigent circumstances occur, a police officer is forced to use his discretion on the spot. A dispatched officer arrives at the scene of a homicide of a well-known resident. Repeated failed attempts to contact the victim’s spouse at his residence have created a sense of urgency among the officers to prevent any further unnecessary loss of life. In this case, entry into the residence without a warrant is justified. (Dempsey & Forst, 2005) This scenario leads us to another area of discretionary action: reasonable suspicion. If an officer observes a person who appears to be carrying a concealed weapon, he is completely within his authority to conduct a stop and frisk. However, the officer must have more than just a â€Å"gut feeling†, he must actually have some reason to believe that the person has a weapon (e. g. a large bulge in the back of the shirt, the grip of a pistol protruding from a belt, etc). The officer cannot just randomly stop a passer-by on the street and frisk them simply because he thinks he might have a weapon. One common misconception is that all arrests by police officers require that the suspect be advised of his or her Miranda rights. However, ‘Mirandizing’ a suspect is not always a mandatory procedure. For example, if a suspect has been arrested and charged with a crime but not read his Miranda rights, the only complication this causes for the police is that it precludes them from using anything the suspect says as evidence against him or her in court. It is conceivable that an officer has more than enough evidence to prove his case against the offender and it is reasonable for an officer to refrain from advising him or her of his rights in such a case. (Nolo, n. . ) However, should the police act on the information from non-Miranda statements or confession, any evidence found, is considered ‘fruit of the poisonous tree’ and is inadmissible in court. Lastly, the police can face the issue of denial of counsel. During a custodial detention interrogation, a suspect requests an attorney and the police inform the suspect that one will be provided. If the officer continues an adversarial conversation without the suspect’s legal counsel present, any information obtained in not admissible in court.  Furthermore, once a suspect has requested an attorney, the officer must immediately cease the interrogation or they are in violation of the suspect’s civil rights. Conclusion As we can see, the use of discretion on the part of the police is an integral part of their job. Without discretion, the police would have no choice but to enact a policy of full enforcement, which is likely to result in considerable distress among the communities. Control of discretionary behavior is vital, however, to ensure that discrimination is minimized and the law is appropriately enforced.

Detterence

Running Head: Deterrence 1 Deterrence Criminology Shawn Caulder Excelsior College Deterrence 2 Abstract: During the course of study in references for the topic of deterrence I have found a vast amount of information.Most are articles written by different intellectual scholars in the criminal justice field all weighing in on what they believe the theory of â€Å"Deterrence† is and how it relates to the ability to deflect and or inhibit crime during war time, peace time and stately situations. In particular I found one article to be an astounding work done by a man named Stephen Quackenbush with an article titled General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory (2006). Although this article deals with deterrence theory of international conflict it still involves the basic roots of deterrence.I would like to show that through Mr. Quackenbush’s work one can come very close to a â€Å"Perfect Theory of Deterrence â€Å" by simply following the logic of the article. Deterrence 3 When searching for the topic it was my goal to find the meaning of deterrence and or the application behind the theory. I wanted something with close ties to the relationship of the text we are using in the classroom.The text we are using Vold’s Theoretical Criminology, 6th ed (Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, 2010). I found in the article what I needed to relate different aspects of the text to the fundamentals behind what S. Quackebush (2006) had theorized about the levels behind deterrence. Not only does his research provide information on when and how to implement deterrence it can use simple math to determine the victor in every situation based on fundamentals of push and shove and force on force comparisons.In order to understand what deterrence was I wanted to find a source to provide a little more input than data from the 1800’s, as we have learned from Cesare Bonesana (1738-1794) statement concerning the implementation of ke eping punishments proportional to the seriousness of the crime so that the cost always exceeds the reward (Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, pg. 14). This is all well and good to understand how to set its boundary of punishment to the crime but I needed a better understanding of how it worked and what other factors besides crime helped to determine severity and what types of deterrence we see in our world today.By looking into Quackenbush’s (2006) theory I can gain a better understanding of the levels of deterrence and the players in the game. By understanding it better myself and can readily adapt it better in my of life and have a better understanding of why and how it is used not only on the global level but on every street corner in America. I order to locate the information I was searching for I followed the link provided in module one under the paper one resource provided by the course administrator.After following the link to the Excelsior Library’s resource search pa ge I entered deterrence into the search box and began to look for articles that appealed to me over those that were easier for lack of a better term. Deterrence 4 I did find an article prior to the one by Mr. Quackenbush (2006) but after careful review I found the course required the article to be from 2000 and up. My article was from the 1930’s so that got quickly recycled and I found the article mentioned above.When I have used the library resource in the past I find it is always best to find your specific subject of study go to that portion of the library and search using specific terms within the requirements you have for the research to be done. In this case it was easy I had one word to describe my intent to the search box and in return it pulled up many documents. I knew that since mine needed to be a specific format â€Å"Article† I then eliminated all but the required information such as periodicals and journals. Of course a wide variety of useful and some no t so useful articles, journals and periodicals popped up.I simply perused through them until I found a few that grabbed my attention. I would then open the journal and briefly read through it to see if it contained the content I wanted or was interested in. Once I found the writing that best fit the work I wanted to explore my time was done in the Excelsior Library. While looking through the many choices that were made available to me I quickly looked at content for information that one, intrigued me and two had some rational sense in which I could then understand and use.What is the point of using information that you have no Comprehension of? Once these guidelines were established I look at the list of references and crossed checked these and the original author through the internet to find any additional information that may have been useful to me. The trick to this as well is to find a resource that has the intent of the message being interpreted and received by the viewer. If I am to do a paper on deterrence what benefit would I gain from a paper on crime rates in Kalamazoo, MI? At this point relevance to the meaning of the research is a factor.Another key thing to look for in an article is what amount of evidence is backed up by fact and how much of it is based on opinion or hearsay? Deterrent 5 A good resource needs to be based on as much proven fact and be backed by additional works to allow for the best use of the material in which you are going to use for your paper. Anyone can find a story on their topic but is it a story or is there hard evidence to back it up?I believe my methods of evaluation are probably a bit more stringent than those described in the library resource. I tend to be a stickler for what I want to use for any form of writing in order to try to get my point across as best as possible. The library resources are abundant with useful information though. Do not think I am discrediting then because that would be far from the truth. As a new student when I first started my Undergraduates Degree I used all the resources available to me especially the library.The article I chose to introduce to compliment Chapter two’s lesson on deterrence is an article called General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory, by Stephen L. Quackenbush (2006). When I first began to read the article it intrigue my because it deals not just with the cause and effect of deterrence but the quantative measure of it as if it is and has always been a scientific fact of life. It begins by stating deterrence is the use of a threat (explicit or not) by one party in attempt to convince another party not to upset the status quo (Quackenbush, S.L. 2006). It breaks it down into two purposes which are direct and extended deterrence. One is immediate and used primarily as a means of prevention or attack on a defender, while the other is meant to deter a general population. Along with this are two types of situa tions that are created by deterrence. The first is immediate and is targeted toward a specific challenger and general which is all encompassing of a group (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). Deterrent 6Inside these purposes are different categories to describe different events of deterrence to include direct immediate deterrence, direct general deterrence, extended immediate deterrence and extended general deterrence (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). These are considered different strategies based on your position. In this article the author chose to focus primarily on direct general deterrence to prove his theory of the â€Å"perfect deterrence†. At many times Dr. Quackenbush (2006) speaks in term of deterrence being that of a game. I will describe the way that I understand his game based n the article as it delves deep into mathematical equations that do make sense but are a long way to describe it how I will. As discussed before there are and have to always be two sides when we speak of deterrence. In the case of the article they are known as Challenger and Defender. In this game there are choices to be made and depending on the choice each side makes will determine whether you are the defender or the challenger. Think of it if you will like a national game of chess depending on how you chose to play your piece will either make you the aggressor or leave you making defensive moves to get out of harm’s way.Earlier it was discussed that deterrence is simply used to bring one party back to the status quo or the normal. Being the defender or challenger and based on the decisions you make will put you into one of two places. You will either be the defender, come back to the status quo or you will retaliate (becoming the challenger) and move into conflict and vice versa. Based on this Dr. Quackenbush (2006) has established that no matter where we are even in peace times there will always be a direct general deterrence. The shift from this happens when one side mov es their piece one way or another.The understanding of deterrence in this article is based on a state to state or nation to nation offensive and defensive. We typically are discussing criminal activities of general population during this course but I do have a way to show just how much it looks like the national scale of deterrence within our precincts and our cities. Deterrence 7 One of the ways it can be shown that Dr.Quackenbush’s (2006) Theory of the perfect deterrence being present in our text is to compare just a few similarities in which he based his work on. One of the first few terms that come to mind is deterrence decay and residual deterrence. If compared to the though t of a continual deterrence as suggested by Dr. Quackenbush then you can consider these the effects of a deterrent being put into place. This would happen in three stages the initial deterrent, the deterrent decay and what would be left would be the residual deterrence. By showing that there are dif ferent levels and or stages of deterrence at any given ime then we can validate the Theory of Perfect Deterrence as proposed by Dr. Quackenbush (2006). By knowing the challenger to defender relationship it can compare to local law enforcement against drugs, crime, gangs and the list goes on. At times the law enforcement agencies are the challenger and the criminals are the defender. Those roles do reverse and local authorities have come under attack many times before. By understanding that there is always some type of ongoing deterrence whether perceived or intentional the challenger and or the defender will plan accordingly.The threat of going to jail for a crime is a constant deterrent for most. At times though there are those that weigh the benefit to the loss and chose to defy the deterrent sometimes they get away with it and sometimes they don’t. It is knowing that there is a consequence for your action that keeps most on the straight and narrow. A perceived deterrent wo uld be a shining star in proof of constant deterrence theory. Based on past experiences people will build a perceived notion of punishment for an offense. The deterrent had been initiated long ago yet the residual effect of it remains.Deterrence 8 References: Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, (2010) Vold's Theoretical Criminology, 6th ed. Oxford University Press INC. New York, NY Quackenbush, S. L. (2006) General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory: Retrieved from: http://ehis. ebscohost. com. vlib. excelsior. edu/eds/detail? vid=4;hid=5;sid=aa2e740b-17f8-471a-843f-25982123af97%40sessionmgr111;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h;AN=48490499

How to Procrastinate and Get Nothing Done - Proofed

How to Procrastinate and Get Nothing Done - Proofed How to Procrastinate and Get Nothing Done Are you getting too much work done? Would you rather spend your time worrying about deadlines? If so, follow our guide on how to procrastinate and watch your productivity drop instantly! The circle of procrastination. 1. Don’t Plan Anything If you really want to get nothing done, the last thing you need is a plan. After all, planning your working day will help you manage your time effectively and give you a sense of your overall progress. Instead, take on various tasks at random, regardless of how important or difficult they might be. If you’re lucky, you’ll get bogged down in something pointless and complex! 2. Find a Chaotic Environment It is much easier to be productive if you have a calm and controlled work environment. Ideally, this should be somewhere quiet and comfortable, with everything you need easily accessible nearby. However, if you’re looking to procrastinate, we suggest doing your work somewhere busy, uncomfortable, and noisy, such as a coffee shop during the lunchtime rush or a busy airport lounge. Yup. This seems like a good place to get work done.(Photo: Josh Hallett/flickr) 3. Check Twitter Constantly It goes without saying that social media is much more interesting than work. After all, why would you want to do anything useful when you could procrastinate by spending hours arguing with anonymous online strangers about whether Marvel or DC make the best superhero movies? And don’t forget that there is more to the internet than just Twitter and Facebook! There are literally thousands of ways to waste time online, so the procrastination opportunities are infinite. You can run, but your followers will find you eventually!(Image: Alan ORourke) 4. Blame Yourself Perhaps you’re already behind with your work. Well, now is the time to self-recriminate for your lack of productivity. By focusing on what you should have done so far instead of what you could do next, you can guarantee that you won’t get anything useful done soon! 5. Try to Do Everything by Yourself When people work together, they are much more likely to get stuff done. And if you can ask a friend or a colleague for help with something difficult, you will find it much easier to achieve your goals. This is why the true procrastinator always works alone. If you try to take on every task by yourself with no assistance from anyone, any progress you do make will be slow and stressful. A Final Piece of Advice†¦ Of course, if you actually want to get some work done, we recommend doing the opposite to everything we’ve said above. So, if you want to avoid procrastination, you can: Plan your work carefully and break it down into simple steps Create a calm, disturbance-free environment Use a website blocker to limit your access to online distractions Reward yourself for good behavior and forgive yourself for mistakes Don’t be afraid to ask for support! And remember that we’re here to help with proofreading, letting you focus on the important stuff.

Definition of Asymptotic Variance in Statistical Analysis

Definition of Asymptotic Variance in Statistical Analysis The definition of the asymptotic variance of an estimator may vary from author to author or situation to situation. One standard definition is given in Greene, p 109, equation (4-39) and is described as sufficient for nearly all applications. The definition for asymptotic variance given is: asy var(t_hat) (1/n) * limn-infinity E[ {t_hat - limn-infinity E[t_hat] }2 ] Introduction to Asymptotic Analysis Asymptotic analysis is a method of describing limiting behavior and has applications across the sciences from applied mathematics to statistical mechanics to computer science.  The term  asymptotic  itself refers to approaching a value or curve arbitrarily closely as some limit is  taken.  In applied mathematics and econometrics,  asymptotic  analysis is employed in the building of numerical mechanisms that will approximate equation solutions. It is a crucial tool in the exploration of the ordinary and partial differential equations that emerge when researchers attempt to model real-world phenomena through applied mathematics. Properties of Estimators In statistics, an estimator is a rule for calculating an estimate of a value or quantity (also known as the estimand) based upon observed data. When studying the properties of estimators that have been obtained, statisticians make a distinction between two particular categories of properties: The small or finite sample properties, which are considered valid no matter the sample sizeAsymptotic properties, which are associated with infinitely larger samples when n  tends to ∞ (infinity). When dealing with finite sample properties, the aim is to study the behavior of the estimator assuming that there are many samples and as a result, many estimators. Under these circumstances, the average of the estimators should provide the necessary information. But when in practice when there is only one sample, asymptotic properties must be established. The aim is then to study the behavior of estimators as n, or the sample population size,  increases. The asymptotic properties an estimator may possess include asymptotic unbiasedness, consistency, and asymptotic efficiency. Asymptotic Efficiency and Asymptotic Variance Many statisticians consider the minimum requirement for determining a useful estimator is for the estimator to be consistent, but given that there are generally several consistent estimators of a parameter, one must give consideration to other properties as well. Asymptotic efficiency is another property worth consideration in the evaluation of estimators. The property of asymptotic efficiency targets the asymptotic variance of the estimators. Though there are many definitions, asymptotic variance can be defined as the variance, or how far the set of numbers is spread out, of the limit distribution of the estimator. More Learning Resources Related to Asymptotic Variance To learn more about asymptotic variance, be sure to check the following articles about terms related to asymptotic variance: AsymptoticAsymptotic NormalityAsymptotically EquivalentAsymptotically Unbiased

Sucess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sucess - Essay Example Regardless of the definition of success, there are numerous common characteristics and skills shared by numerous entrepreneurs and managers. This paper discusses the success traits and skills of Marc Jacobs and Louis Vuitton. He is an American fashion designer and heads Marc Jacobs Fashion Company in France. In addition, he also heads Marc by Marc Jacobs. Marc Jacobs is a successful entrepreneur with more than 201 retail ventures in 82 countries. Since 1997, while still running his ventures, he has been working for Louis Vuitton Company as the creative director (Grigoriadis). Recently, his success made Times Magazine rank him among the 100 most influential people in the world. This is a France-based Fashion House started by Louis Vuitton in 1855. It is one of the most leading and successful fashion houses in the world. Its monogram is well renowned as it is featured in its products which range from leather goods to shoes, jewellery, watches, sunglasses and luxury trunks (Richard 750). This fashion house owns boutiques and departmental stores across the globe, which act as its selling points. Moreover, the Internet has been a contributive factor of its high sales. A successful business cannot be built by one individual alone. This is a task that requires a team that is devoted to the business and its success. Marc Jacobs promotes cohesion and team work among the employees. This promotes good relationship between him and the subordinates. Craven notes that Marc Jacobs’ workers are loyal to him and that they love him. Levy asserts that Marc Jacobs discusses issues about fabrics with his staff. In addition, Marc Jacobs motivates his employees. In reference to Walker and Brown, employee motivation is a fundamental factor that leads to business success and promotes good relations between the employer and employee (580). A successful entrepreneur believes in the business.

Development of Professional Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development of Professional Policing - Essay Example The emphasis here was on training and skills needed to prevent crime and maintain order. The journey was a long and arduous one for professional policing as its proponents and detractors fought tooth and nail to promote or prevent its development. The transition phase was a turbulent one as the debate raged on, with arguments flowing thick and fast between those who called for reform and their opponents. In the protracted battle that was to follow the detractors initially gained the upper hand and were able to stall many parliamentary measures that were proposed to establish more professional and effective policing. Eventually the tide turned in favour of the reformers, and the New Police took firm root in English society. A critical analysis of the arguments for and against the development of professional policing in nineteenth century England can prove to be very illuminating for the student of police history. Towards the end of its tenure, and sometime at the beginning of the nineteenth century the Old police received a lot of criticism and was tried on the charges of inadequacy, inefficiency, corruption and dereliction of duty. There were voices calling out for reform and the establishment of improved policing, meanwhile, the criticism continued to pour in. Critchley (1967) insisted that during those times of inept policing there was real "danger of a total relapse into barbarity" (cited by Godfrey and Lawrence, 2005, p.17). Rawlings (2002, p. 108) also mentions the criticism against the London night watchmen, "the almost useless, decrepit, and inefficient tribe of watchmen with which for the most part, the streets of the metropolis may rather be said to be infested rather than protected". The reasons were many for the charges against the old police. The parish constables were selected on a rotation basis and they could hire deputies, who were usually poorly qualified to satisfactorily perform the task at hand. John Wade in response to this practice said, "The office has fallen into the hands of the lowest class of retailers and costardmongers, who make up the deficient allowance of their principals by indirect sources of emolument" (cited by Rawlings, 2002, p.109). Once the term of office was over they had to resume their role in the community as ordinary citizens and go back to their former occupations. Therefore not surprisingly most of the constables, being aware of this fact were more concerned with currying favour with the locals and conforming to popular opinion than preventing crime and implementing measures that were unpalatable to local taste. Sometimes victims were unable to pay for the services of the constable and the criminal would not be apprehended. Fur thermore, according to Godfrey and Lawrence (2005, p.14), they were not assured a steady or lucrative income, so "they may well have been less willing to act on their own initiative and more willing simply to do the minimum required of them". In other words due to the lack of a financial incentive, the constables did not perform their functions adequately and for the same reason they were not above criminal