The Bombing Of Osama Bin Laden - 1269 Words

The 9-11 tragedies changed the lives of the world and united our Country. The terrorist group that planned the attacks on the United States was al-Qaeda. The leader of al-Qaeda was Osama bin Laden. Osama bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and then he would move to Afghanistan where he would start al-Qaeda. Al- Qaeda planned carefully in the attacks on the Unites States by sending nineteen militants over a period of several years to keep our suspicions down. They also held their meeting all across the globe. The planning meetings were held in Malaysia, they took flying lessons in the United States, and the leaders of al-Qaeda were in Hamburg, Germany. This is how many militants got over to the United States undetected especially the lead hijackers Mohammed Atta who was on our â€Å"watch list†. He was the one who communicated with Osama Bin Laden over e-mail about when the attacks were going to take place. This was just the preparation of what is about to come the United States’ way. On September 11, 2001, nineteen hijackers bordered four domestic airplanes on the East Coast. Two San Francisco bound planes would crash into the Twin Towers. At 8:46 am American Airlines flight eleven crashed into the North Tower with maximum fu el. The United States first thought is that this must be a terrible accident, but at 9:02 am on live national television United Airlines flight one hundred seventy-five crashed into the South TowerShow MoreRelatedThe Most Devastating Attacks On U.s. Soil Happened1192 Words   |  5 Pagesthe day of 9/11. One of the Ringleaders Osama Bin Laden was one of the main causes of what led to 9/11. Many people do not know this but this is not the first time the World Trade Center has been attacked. Way back in 1993 a man named Ramzi Yousef attacked the North Tower with a bomb and took lives away. Osama Bin Laden’s Rise to Power Al-Qaeda owes its success to the leadership of Osama bin laden, the mastermind behind the terrorists group. Bin-Laden gained his views and values from the jihadiRead MoreAl Qaeda Terrorist Group1239 Words   |  5 PagesIt was established around 1990 by a Saudi millionaire, Osama Bin Laden, to bring together Arabs who fought in Afghanistan against the Soviet invasion. The goal of the organization is to reestablish the Muslim state throughout the world. Al Qaeda works with allied Islamic extremist groups to overthrow regimes it deems non-Islamic and remove Westerners from Muslin countries. Groups affiliated with Al Qaeda have conducted numerous bombings and other violent attacks throughout the world that haveRead MoreThe US Attack on Terrorism Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagescontrolled by the Taliban. These attacks and invasions were intended to target Osama bin Laden who was the leader of al-Qaeda. The United States demanded that the Taliban hand over Osama bin Laden. When the Ta liban did not turn bin Laden over, the United States began bombing various places in Afghanistan which were controlled by the Taliban and the invasion followed, and the war in Afghanistan began. Osama bin Laden, leader of al-Qaeda and the man who planned the attacks of September 11, 2001 wasRead MoreTerrorism And The Al Qaeda Terrorist Groups1727 Words   |  7 Pagesagenda when discussing counter terrorism and national security (Walsh, 2016). Terrorist often act on emotional actions rather than rational or intellectual thoughts using unconventional violence in order to create a sense of fear (Walsh, 2016). Osama Bin laden leader of the Al Qaeda terrorist group became one of the most powerful, fearful and well known terrorist group in the world, to this day Citation. The Al Qaeda terrorist group is one of the wealthiest terrorist groups to date giving thousandsRead MoreAl Qaed A Global Threat1405 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Al Qaeda is a global organization founded by Osama Bin Laden. It was originated in 1988 and has been present to this day. Even though many of its leaders have been killed, different groups and supports have kept it going. Al Qaeda is known as one of the most powerful and rich terrorist organizations in the world. The group is responsible for major attacks such as September 11th and many other bombings in the world. Al Qaeda has transformed over the years, going from a terroristRead MoreOsama Bin Laden852 Words   |  4 PagesOsama bin Laden’s hatred towards the United States drove him to do horrifying and unreasonable things. This is one example of why I believe mankind in inherently evil. â€Å"The human world, it’s a mess..† (Sebastian) This quote said by Sebastian the crab from the movie The Little Mermaid. And the reason I chose to open up this essay with it is because it’s true. The human world is corrupted and full of sin, lust, pride, selfishness, hatred, jealousy, arrogance, rudeness, and so many other evil thingsRead MoreThe Threat Of Al Qaeda1043 Words   |  5 PagesTurkey, and Sweden. Al-Qaeda was led by Osama Bin Laden, Abdullah Azzam, and several other leaders but the current leader of Al-Qaeda organization is led by Ayman – alZawahiri. Al-Qaeda’s name was created from the War in Afghanistan (December 1979 – February 1989. Al-Qaeda’s current goals are to drive Americans and American influences out of the Muslim nation, to destroy Israel, and to topple pro-western dictatorships around the Middle East. Osama Bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 1957Read MoreTerrorism : Osama Bin Laden1153 Words à ‚  |  5 PagesTerrorism Paper In 1988, Osama Bin Laden founded what is the most widely know terrorist network today, Al Qaeda. It started off small with only three members, but it grew vastly over the years. This is the organization that held the blame for the September 11th attacks on the United States, along with numerous other outbreaks against the world. In 1992 after establishing Al Qaeda, Osama Bin Laden was banished from Saudi Arabia, he then founded a new base in Afghanistan, where he declared a warRead MoreTerrorism : The Threat Of Terrorism Essay701 Words   |  3 Pagesby a man named Osama bin Laden. Osama bin Laden was born on March 10th, 1957 and was the son of billionaire Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden. In 1979, Osama bin Laden joined the mujahideen forces in Pakistan to fight against the Soviet Union in Afghanistan. He gave financial support to the mujahideen forces and gained popularity amongst many Arabs. Bin Laden formed Al Qaeda in 1988 which fought against Russian occupation in Afghanistan. The CIA trained, supported and funded Osama bin Laden and taught himRead MoreOsama Bin Laden And Osama Laden1667 Words   |  7 Pagesto Osama bin Laden and his terrorist organization, al’ Qaeda on September 11, 2001. Millions gathered around their televisions in shock at the devastation this terrorist organization created. Thousands of innocent civilians lost their lives after al’ Qaeda operatives devised and carried out their plans to hijack planes and divert them into key U.S. landmarks. Osama bin Laden praised the work of his followers and the United States realized just how serious of a threat al’ Qaeda and Osama bin Laden

Neurological Learning Disability Dyslexia - 1164 Words

Dyslexia is not a condition, it is not something that will go away and it is not contagious. Dyslexia is a lifelong condition that a person is born with and will have to learn to live with. It is a neurological learning disability that causes problems with language based-skills and can affect around 10 to 20% of the population (Dyslexia, 2014). A person that has dyslexia can have difficulties with the areas of reading, writing, spelling, speaking, math, and or short-term memory. Having dyslexia does not mean that one is not smart, it just means that their brain functions in a different way. Dyslexia happens in people of all ethnicities and socio-economic status, however it is common to see more than one person of a family to have†¦show more content†¦During the lesson it is good to repeat the concept more than once as this helps the child with dyslexia remember the concept easier. Students with dyslexia need time to process the information provided to them therefore itâ€⠄¢s important to slow down and ask questions. Lastly, a child with dyslexia can have difficulty with abrupt changes of activities. Teachers need to let students know when an activity is coming to an end by counting down the minutes starting by five; this will avoid frustrations. Strategies for Families and Colleagues Helping a child with dyslexia to do their homework and projects can be a challenge for parents and family members. Parents of a child with dyslexia can help them improve their school experience by keeping an open communication with the child and their teachers. First and foremost the parents should talk to their child about Dyslexia. The child might have questions or concerns about their learning disability. A parent must provide knowledge, reassurance and support in order to understand their condition. It is important to inform the child that this is something they where born with and that it will not go away although they can learn to handle it. As the child with Dyslexia faces emotional and academic challenges he or she may lose confidence in themselves. Support and acceptance from a parent is critical in this matter.Show MoreRelatedEssay Paper for SPE 557 Latonja Newman Grand Canyon University1430 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Ã‚   Disability Brain Research Essay   Latonja Newman   Grand Canyon University: SPE 557                                               Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   In reflection on  neuroscience and the medical brain research study that explains learning disabilities  I found an online article  that is very interesting,  which explains the concept of  research. Researching students with learning disability has become the fore front of how student development and maintain information. According to  research, the goal of thisRead MoreCauses, Symptoms and Difficulties Associated with Dyslexia853 Words   |  4 PagesThe term dyslexia refers to a learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading. It is a learning disability that alters the way the brain processes written material. Difficulties in word recognition, spelling, decoding and reading comprehension make it even more difficult. This disability alters the way the brain processes written material. People with dyslexia not only have trouble with reading and spelling they also can struggle with writing. Dyslexia is the most common type of learningRead MoreDysle xi A Common Disorder Within The Learning Disabilities1814 Words   |  8 PagesWhen it comes to disabilities there are many different types that can affect a person, for example learning disabilities. Learning disabilities affect the way a student learns new information or even process it. Dyslexia is a very common disorder within the learning disability. Dyslexia is a neurological disorder that affects the brain and other scenes in the brain. Although it’s not clear as why people have dyslexia a study was done in order to figure out if may be eye movements where the causeRead MoreA Child Is Having A Problem Reading Even After Lots Of1617 Words   |  7 PagesThe child may have a reading problem called dyslexia. Having dyslexia does not mean that a child will never read, but it does mean that this child will learn to read in a different way than most children of the same age. â€Å"While dyslexia can make reading more difficult, almost all individuals with dyslexia can learn to read.† (International Dyslexia Association website) Most people take reading for granted, but that is not so for a child that has dyslexia because reading may be hard to nearly impossibleRead MoreMy Reading On Reading Disabilities, And The Impact That They Have On Students Education1741 Words   |  7 Pages I wanted to learn more about reading disabilities, and the impact that they have on students’ education. I was lucky that my reading problems did not impact my education, and I was able to read very well. Reading is one of the most important skills that students learn in school. Being able to reading is paramount to student’s success throughout school and life. It is estimated that 10% to 15% of school aged children have some form of a reading disability. Reading is a complex task involving decodingRead MoreThis is an outline of an essay about dyslexia.801 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican public school children have been diagnosed with a learning disability; eighty percent of the diagnoses are dyslexia-related. But some studies indicate that up to twenty percent of the population may have some degree of dyslexia. 1.Dyslexia, what is it? 2.Causes and Symptoms 3.Treatment II.First Main Point: A. Dyslexia is defined as a learning disability marked by impairment of the ability to read. In essence, it is a disability in which people jumble letters; for example, confusing GodRead MoreIs Dyslexia A Common Neurological Lifelong Condition?1405 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Dyslexia? Dyslexia is a common neurological lifelong condition which affects 1 out of 5 people in the country (Facts About Dyslexia, 2008). It is not caused by poor vision(Understanding Dyslexia, 2014); in fact it can happen to those whom are very intelligent (Davis, 1992). The brain has difficulty processing reading, written and spoken language (Facts About Dyslexia, 2008). People with dyslexia need a little more time and a different way to process the information (UnderstandingRead MoreEssay on Overcoming Dyslexia1472 Words   |  6 PagesOvercoming Dyslexia The teacher walked to the front of the room with her book in hand and as she got closer to the front, Paul got lower in his seat. He knew what was coming next; it was time for the class to read the next chapter. The teacher would start reading and then call on different students to read as they moved through the chapter. This scared Paul right down to his toes. He had read in front of the class before, but it was what followed after class that worried him the most. TheRead More The Role of Magnocellular Cells in Dyslexia Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of Magnocellular Cells in Dyslexia Dyslexia is a defined as a learning disability characterized by problems in expressive or receptive, oral or written language. Derived from the Greek words dys (poor or inadequate) and lexis (words or language), dyslexia and other learning disabilities affect about 15% of the population. (What is dyslexia!) Dyslexia itself can manifest itself in many different ways. People with dyslexia do not see words backwards or have other vision problemsRead MoreAnalysis Of Can t Rad 1669 Words   |  7 Pages Dyslexia Ricky Smith Liberty University Dyslexia is a learning disability that many children have but are misunderstood until they have actually been diagnosed with the learning disability. Dyslexia does not mean that children are not smart; it just means that they learn different. This is why it is sometimes for parents to understand why their children are not doing well in school and struggle sometimes with a simple task of reading a book. My book report is about a 280 page book

Modern Day Heroes Are Drawn from the World of Entertainment free essay sample

When we come across the word hero, we often think about people who influence others, as well as individuals whose efforts change situations. Ancient heroes are people of semi-divine origins such as beings from Greek mythology such as Hercules and Perseus. However, modern day heroes are still human beings. They tend not to be fictional and instead, are derived from the world of popular culture, such as sports and entertainment. I feel that the attention and money devoted to the sponsorship of these sportsmen and celebrities suggest that they are very influential figures in todays society. This means that they are usually idolized by others and play a powerful role in shaping morals and values of society. However, there are pros and cons of idolizing such people. Hence, we should always choose the celebrities we idolize. Some consider societys new choice of heroes unhealthy ones. After all, many of these modern heroes do not seem suitable role models for the young. We will write a custom essay sample on Modern Day Heroes Are Drawn from the World of Entertainment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some unsuitable role models many tend to look up to is singing sensation KE$HA. Her music video for her smash hit Tik Tok, seemed to encourage rebelliousness, as well as alcoholism. This video also glorifies a decadent lifestyle, which makes it a source of influence to many teenage viewers. This song also drew a lot of criticism when this video featured several 12-year-old girls carrying beer bottles in front of the camera. Hence, these ‘modern heroes deem to be undesirable role models for the pre-adolescents. Other unsuitable personalities include Lindsay Lohan, who led a party-girl lifestyle, abused drugs and was admitted to rehabilitation facilities several times. She also suffered from bulimia, resulting in a rapid loss of weight. Lindsay Lohan is also not a good role model for pre-pubescent girls as her party-girl lifestyle might influence teenagers to neglect their studies, and instead spend their time partying. Both KE$HA and Lindsay Lohan promote very unhealthy lifestyles and also instills the wrong values in young people. However, this trend is not entirely detrimental to society. There are many inspiring celebrities and sportspeople who inculcate the right values in the youths of today. Once such inspirational figure is Oprah Winfrey. Born into poverty, Winfrey rose to become one of the most powerful person in the entertainment industry, as well as one of the richest people across the globe. She now hosts one of the most-watched talk shows â€Å" The Oprah Winfrey Show†. She encourages a healthy and balanced life. Another desirable person to look up to is Lance Armstrong. He was the only person who won the Tour de France seven consecutive times, even after surviving cancer. Both Winfrey and Armstrong set up their own charity foundations. Oprah’s Angel Network even raised about $51 million. Both people are outstanding personalities, and their actions inculcate decent and appropriate values in today’s youth. In today’s world, where everyone is connected through the mass media, and where news travel across the globe almost instantaneously, our heroes are no longer limited to celebrities and sportspeople. People from all walks of life that may have gone unnoticed before have now ascended to the status of ‘hero’. After the terrorist attacks on September 11, for example, soldiers, firefighters and people who risked their lives to rescue survivors. One such person who ascended to the status of ‘hero’ is Barack Obama. He is the 44th president of the United States of America and assumed office in January 2009. Although he came from a broken family, he attended Harvard Law School. Two other personalities who are not celebrities or sportspeople but are often regarded as role models are Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. Both men displayed passion for their work and their hard work led to great things. Both are also philanthropists who donate millions of dollars annually to charitable organizations. Through these less conventional heroes, we can learn that the values of discipline, hard work, the power of selflessness, as well as the humanitarian spirit. We have come a long way from the days of Hercules and monster slayers. Heroes are no longer narrowly defined as beings with superhuman abilities, but as real people who inspire us and change us in everyday lives. I think that, for me, the real modern-day heroes are the ones who ‘save’ me everyday. These ‘saviors’ include my family, teachers, and my friends. They educate me and support me along the way. As such, I believe that we should appreciate the presence of such people, and not take them for granted. Sources: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lance_Armstrong_Foundation http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Kesha http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan

Pride and Prejudice Response Journals free essay sample

Info: Austen, Jane. Kindle Version. A Public Domain Book. Setting Time: Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice takes place at the turn of the 19th Century. During this time, they’re coming out of the 18th century phenomenon including the enlightenment era, the age of reason, and many arousing philosophical ideas. This also took place after the French revolution. Setting Locale: Pride and Prejudice takes place in England. In England the man on the throne is Prince Regent who later becomes George IV. The time is stressful because England is at war in America and Napoleon is rampaging through Europe as well. Everyone is hoping England does not follow in France’s footsteps. Protagonist: Elizabeth Bennett is the main protagonist in the novel, although Darcy has a key role throughout the book, the novel follows Elizabeth’s uttermost thoughts. We also do not know Darcy’s true character until Elizabeth does, which makes him more of the antagonist, rather than the protagonist. We will write a custom essay sample on Pride and Prejudice Response Journals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Narrator: Austen writes the novel in 3rd person omniscient. Although the narrator typically stays with Elizabeth, he also reveals things Elizabeth does not know, for example the pursuit of Charlotte by Mr. Collins. When using this type of narrative we receive Elizabeth’s thoughts mostly, yet also those of the narrator make the book more interesting to follow. Conflict: The initial conflict is when Mr. Bingley starts to fall in love with Jane but neither of his sisters and friends approve. To further conflict things Darcy has developed a liking for Elizabeth yet all the things that oppose Bingley and Jane’s relationship, are relevant to his marrying Elizabeth. Tone: Throughout the book Austen seems to enjoy her characters and seems amused by them, although she never outright mocks them you get the hint of mockery and wit many a time. Especially as she describes Mr. Collins and Charlotte’s relationship, showing that Charlotte could really careless what he has to say because she only married him do the fact he is an established young man. Austin shows the reader who her characters are in all the glory, yet never hints towards her feelings for them only Elizabeth’s true feelings for them. Mood: The mood throughout Pride and Prejudice is formal. It is also very realistic to the struggle of the young men and women throughout the 19th century era it is written. Throughout this time Austen writes of what it is like to be low in society and to attempt to be courted and how many girls only dream in life is courtship, yet also what it feels like to be Elizabeth who is looking for real love, when during that time real love was the last thing on these girls minds. Imagery: We are often given imagery throughout Pride and Prejudice that helps us get a deeper picture of what it looks like to be living in the 19th century, and also Elizabeth’s view of it all. The imagery you receive while picturing Pemberley and what it must look like your mind wanders to the idea of an English castle. We also get a better sense of Darcy’s personality as Elizabeth contrasts the furnishings of his estate in Pemberley to the one of Lady Catherine’s in Rosings where she describes Darcy’s furnishing are more of good taste and less ostentatious then the one’s of Lady Catherine. Rhetoric Construction/Syntax: The diction used in her novels was mostly employed in eighteenth century  everyday life. When Ms. Bingley criticizes Elizabeth she says that: Her face is too thin; her complexion has no brilliancy; and her features are not at all  handsome. Her nose wants character; there is nothing remarked in its lines. Her teeth are tolerable, but not out of the common way;† Here, Austen gives us a taste of what people were judged by. When Elizabeth confronts Darcy about his mistreatment of Wickham we see, through Elizabeths reaction, that her immense hate and anger towards Darcy, along with the alleged injustices place upon  Wickham caused her to burst. Austen uses rich words that fully portray Elizabeths anger, yet she chose the words quite carefully to not fully offend Darcy since it was improper for women to curse,  she relied on basic words to express extreme anger. Other Figures of Speech: Austen utilized her literary devices to the  fullest extent. She made sure that she got the best end of the deal. Mr. Collins had only to change from Jane to Elizabeth –and it was soon done –  done while Mrs. Bennett was stirring the fire. † Austen uses symbolism in this line. She Here the fire is meant as the flames of passion while we see that Mr. Collins shallow personality allowed him to easily shift his attention from Jane to Elizabeth. I am now  convinced, my dear aunt, that I have never  been much in love; for had I really experienced that pure and elevating passion, I should  at present detest his very name, and  wish him all manner of  evil. Here, Austen satirizes the proportionally overblown concepts of  deep love. Austen was a clever woman, able to depict society and add a  little irony and satire every now and then. Linear/Chronological Plot Structure: Pride and Prejudice follows a basic seven plot analysis. First, characters are trapped in a dark state, characters are revealed for who they really are, each lover is reunited with their other half, and the story comes together chronologically. The plot structure is very well structured. Vertical Structure (Subplots): The subplots include Bingley’s sister and Darcy succeeding in dissuading Bingley from marrying Jane and Darcy sinks lower in Elizabeth’s estimations. This situation is tough because our lovers seem as far away from each other as possible, especially with Elizabeth’s feelings of disgust. Symbols/Motifs/Patterns: Journey’s throughout the story are very big deals, short are large, seem to have a huge impact on character outcome, from the first meeting at Bingley’s residence to Darcy’s saving of Lydia from Mr. Wickham, each journey helps the characters develop relationships or ruin relationships throughout the book. Character Development: Both Darcy and Elizabeth experience character developments throughout the novel. Elizabeth undergoes the realization of the importance of marriage and the real intentions behind it all versus love and marriage. Rising Action: The sources may tell you different, yet I feel as though the rising action throughout the book is when Darcy reveals Mr. Wickhams true intentions, and basically tells Elizabeth everything that makes her take back any prior judgments. Others would probably tell you the rising action is when they meet at Pemberley accidently and Elizabeth receives word of Lydia’s disappearance. Climax: Lydia’s runaway stunt with Mr. Wickham and potential killing the Bennett name in the process. Lydia’s stunt could ruin happiness for all of the Bennett girls. Part two of the climax is when Mr. Bingley purposes to Jane and Mr. Darcy to Elizabeth. Resolution: Couples are reunited, all misunderstandings are gone, and uppity in-laws are nowhere to be found. Lydia and Wickhams marriage unravels and they end up in debt and poor. Charles and Jane move away, more new Pemberley. Mary becomes less annoying, and Kitty blossoms under the guidance of her eldest sisters. Everyone lives happily ever after. Theme: In this novel you learn that romance and love are privileges most people in that era must go without. You also learn that sometimes someone is not who they seem and that money is not everything as well.

Voyager System essays

Voyager System essays This report contents information about the Voyager System used by the Access Services Department of Harvey A. Andruss Library. The computerized system function as an integrated library animation that depends on a network support service. It is linked to a main server in Shippensburg. This server enables the library to share information with the seven Pennsylvania state universities. So, the students, staffs, faculties and Pennsylvania residences can have access to educational materials. The focuses of the report are to describe the configuration of the voyager system and its operations, not forgetting the possible suggestion to improve the system. The Harvey A. Andruss Library is essentially responsible to provide services in the form of adequate resources of information. It mainly consists of over 300,000 volumes of Library collection within the range of Governmental Reports to periodical data. In addition to the general collection, the library has several hundreds periodical online and on its shell. For example, it has periodical of journals and magazines. They are updated as frequent as possible to issue that the information are current. Moreover, it has been estimated that the Library obtains close to 1700 current periodicals but hold stock of several thousands more. Anybody can have access to these periodical by checking the periodical holding list. This List is available to users on the computer stations, the Circulation Desk or the Reference Desk. Some of the documents are reserved on microfilm. The most common form of documents in this category is the congressional Records. For example, the American statistical Index and other form of information sources in the Library are the news bank, Newspapers, reserves materials, oversize books, career guidance collection, musical scores, sound recordings and Loan period. The organization and maintenance of the Library information are handled by the voyager system. The voyager sys...

Blue Sky Software Consulting firm - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Blue Sky Software Consulting firm - Smart Custom Writing Importance of waterImportance of water in human body Water can be defined as a clear, odorless, tasteless, and colorless liquid that is very crucial for most animal and plant life and the most commonly used as compared to other solvents. It is well known that, water is the most abundant substance and very crucial in the human body. Human mass consists of about three quarters of water and this is the major constituent in all cells within the body. Water plays critical roles in the human body, for instance provision of a medium in which blood cells bath, regulation of body temperature, improving digestion, carrying the absorbed nutrients throughout the body, and it is used in the elimination of waste and toxic substances from the body (Claybourne, 2006). Blood in the human body consist of 95 percent water. Water provides a medium in which blood cells bath such that it allows for exchange of materials like nutrients in and out of the cells normally. The average normal body temperature for human body is 37 degrees Celsius. Water ensures that, during the normal conditions of the body, the temperature does not exceed this limit by more that 1 degree Celsius. Through sweating, human body can lose excess heat and this account for 22 percent of the ways the body loses excess heat. Water has a characteristic latent heat of vaporization such that when it gets at the surface of the skin as sweat, it will absorb the excess heat and evaporate as it attains about 100 degrees Celsius (Claybourne, 2006). Water is very vital during the process of digestion in human beings. The ingested food needs to be softened so that it can be acted on by enzymes. For example in the mouth, that saliva contains water, mucus and the ptyalin enzyme. This enzyme can work on the cooked starch arriving at the mouth after it has been moistened. Water provides for a medium in which nutrients are dissolved after digestion has taken place. Nutrients in solution form get absorbed into the blood circulatory system from where they are assimilated into various body cells and tissues for metabolism. After metabolism, waste products which result need to be eliminated. Waste products dissolved in water get their ways out of the body cells and tissues into blood. These waste products are carried to active excretion cites for example skin, lungs, and kidneys (Rosdahl Kowalski, 2008).   Dehydration can be defined as the process by which human body, body part or even an organ loses water due to fluid deprivation or illness. Dehydration is very common in children, infants, and seniors. Young children and infants lose more body water during vomiting or diarrhea. Seniors can also lose water due to vomiting and diarrhea but not as much as in the case of infants and young children. One can realize that he or she is undergoing dehydration when the mouth becomes dry and sticky; having sunken eyes which may not produce tears; feel lethargic, sleepy and tired; the urine out becomes low and its usually dark yellow in color; and experience muscle weakness, headache or dizziness. It is very important to drink a lot of water daily, for instance 8 glasses so that to ensure normal percentage of water in the body. Infants should also be given oral rehydration salts appropriately (Organization, 1976).   References Claybourne, A., (2006). The Human Body. London: Evans. Organization, W., (1976). Treatment and Prevention of Dehydration in Diarrhoeal Diseases.  Ã‚   Geneva: World Health Organization. Rosdahl, C., Kowalski, M. (2008). Textbook of Basic Nursing. Hagerstwon: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.

Violence in Secondary Schools and Colleges in Britain Essay

Violence in Secondary Schools and Colleges in Britain - Essay Example It is common to read in the newspapers and hear through other people that a teenager has been stabbed in the eye and the head by a fellow of 15 years old at school; we also hear and read about pupils that suffer cuts and bruises in a school/college attack or that are slashed across the face with a pencil sharpener; students mugging other students for their cash and mobile phones, and the list is long. The truth is that this issue has been raised some years ago. The police usually said that the incidents reported where not related to racial disputes. However, this need to be confirmed as usually ethnic groups is also part of the problem. In 2006, Ministers decided to change the law to provide teachers with the legal right to discipline unruly pupils and restrain children using reasonable force. In May 2005 the British government announced the creation of a task force (Curtis:2005) where experts heads and teachers would have to consider a national code of behaviour, and to set minimum standards expected by schools, parents and pupils, in order to tackle poor behaviour. Also, a new offence of "allowing a child to be found in a public place during school hours without good cause" to make sure parents keep track of their children was established, and the controversial right of parents to appeal when a pupil was excluded for more than five days was backed as well (Macleod:2005). The whole initiative represented a new move to construct a "culture of respect" in the classroom. However, as we have already seen, reforms have made little impact. Colleges started to take different measures like installing metal detectors in hundreds of secondary schools in an effort to dissuade pupils from carrying knives and dangerous weapons; increasing guards and security; introducing cameras; among others. The introduction of these cameras was important as by this measure some students were caught red-handed like for example in the act of stealing a purse or breaking the windows of the classroom, or vandalising cars in the school area. The question from now on is the following: How can we improve the current situation For the question raised we can think of many important measures that can be adopted. For example it is necessary to establish norms for behaviour for students. Students can be asked to set penalties and enforce rules. Also it is imperative to encourage parents to talk with teachers about the progress of the child, to engage in a closer relationship with the school authorities, and to learn how to recognize the warning signs of violence either at home or with their peers as they will surely reproduce later in the school environment. For teachers it is also important to recognise the signs of violence as soon as they occur and to stop them immediately. They can report immediately

Power of Facade as an Agent of Camouflage Essay

Power of Facade as an Agent of Camouflage - Essay Example The Theresienstadt concentration Camp The settlement was situated in Czech Prague as a model Jews settlement. It existed between the years of 1941 to 1945. It is main purpose was to be used by elderly, privileged and famous Jews living in Germany, Czech and Austria (Patrick, 2003). But in essence it was used as transition camp to extermination camp of Jews by Nazis. Many of the Jews who occupied the camp were later deported to killing centers for extermination and forced labor camps in German occupied lands in the east. It was also used to hold the Jews for long time before been killed. It was expected that the ill condition of camp could force some of the deportees to die before SS and police could deport the survivors to the killing centers (Patrick, 2003 p.95). The center was a facade to camouflage the harsh treatment of Jews which was particular based on age, disability as a result of past military services. The deported Jews were to be taken to productive labor in the other area s although they were mainly used for forced labor. To achieve the objective of camouflage as humane settlement the Nazis authority build schools that can hold about 15,000 children although less than 1,100 children from 15,000 survived. Truly the center was rich in culture thereby attracting large settlement of Jews (Wright, 2000 p.189). Most of the children learned art, literature and poetry. But later large numbers of deaths were reported from the camp which attracted the attention of international observers. This could be evident from the number of children that survived from the settlement and the Danish Jews saga. This meant there was mass killing in the camp. According to Frank, Klima and Baeck (2011 p.145), the international Red Cross planned to visit the camp in the year 1944 to ascertain the living condition of the camp especially for the Danish Jews. To camouflage the sorry state of the settlement the Nazis authority deported a number of Jews to other camp so as to deconge st up to one person per room. This will make the settlement win the approval of the international Red Cross as humane place for human being and portray the Nazis authority political as better and allay and fear the rumors that the authority is mistreating the Jews through congestation, malnutrition, diseases and forced labor According to (Frank, Klima& Baeck, 2011 p.146). They created nice coffee shop with good attendants. They also created fake food stores to conceal food shortages in the settlement but most of the stores in essence didn’t contain the food for constant supply to deportees (Bolger, 2003 p.201). They created bank to show how economically active the place f\was but in truth no transaction was taking place for the benefit of the Jews. They also build other social amenities like schools and kindergarten for the purpose showing the Red Cross that the camp was taking care for children in the camp. To improve the overall appearance of the settlement they planted flo wer gardens all over the camp and also renovate the camps. During the visit they also produced film showing how life is in the camp. According to Frank, Klima& Baeck (2011 p.103), points out that the Red Cross was able to affirm all was right in the camp. After the International Red Cross left the camp all who took part in the film were later killed

Kids Should Be Paid for Good Grades Essay Example for Free

Kids Should Be Paid for Good Grades Essay Money can be a motivation to encourage students to study hard. The students will feel that their effort is worthy when they are remunerated. Compensation for children’s good grades can also nurture children’s concept about money. And the last, parents can refuse their kids’ unreasonable request of purchasing and let them earn it. In general, kids should get paid for good marks. First, if kids get paid for good grades, they will be motivated to get high marks. As they grow up, their demands on variety things will increase as well. However, their parents will not always satisfy their children’s needs with everything. At this point, some children might be disappointed because they cannot get what they want even though they attain good grades. For instance, if a child wants an iPhone and the parents refuse the request because it is too expensive, the child will concentrate on the iPhone rather than study hard. Instead of saying â€Å"no† to the child, the parents can reward good grades so that the child will maintain good marks in order to buy the phone. Of course, when the child has enough savings due to good performance, the child will eventually received what he or she desired. Thus, money can be a great incentive for children to study hard. Second, children will form financial concepts about the real value of money. They hardly know the purpose of money except it could be used to exchange with the goods they want. They did not know the value, power or even the amount of money. The perception of kids about money would probably be â€Å"money comes out from mommy’s or daddy’s pocket. Therefore, paying children based on their grades allows them to know the concept of â€Å"all pays deserve gains. † Kids will soon realize that money comes from their effort and is for good reasons. Third, due to the modern society that we live in, kids are attracted by lots of fancy and luxury products and they might have unreasonable demand. Parents can refuse the unpractical demands of their children. The children will not unde rstand their parents since they are immature. In order to establish a balance between â€Å"buying what they want† and â€Å"they cannot have it†, paying for good grades is a better solution. If kids get paid, they will keep studying hard. Paying for good school work does not only benefit the children, but also the parents. Kids will be motivated by the appeal of money, while their knowledge of finance will be developed simultaneously. In addition, kids will understand that they harvest what they plant. Therefore, kids should get paid for their good marks.

European History - The Spanish Inquisition :: European Europe History

The Spanish Inquisition This paper will attempt to accurately examine the development of the Spanish Inquisition, from the spread of the Inquisition into the Spanish territories through the ultimate upheaval, and the initial dissolvement, of the authority it held over the public who feared it. It will endeavor to show the implications of the Spanish Inquisition and how it was ultimately used as a device in its own undoing. Such an examination helps to explain the use of Church authority in secular governing, and later the separating of the Church from the crown. The paper will also take a closer look at this racial injustice in an attempt helping to see just how this may happen again if not understood and foreseen. The Church since its origins has suffered from the attack of heretics and their heresies, which have, caused many controversies and schisms within it. The Spanish Inquisition was independent of the medieval Inquisition, which evolved in the Middle Ages as an effective means of coping with the problem of heresy, which became a serious menace to the Catholic Church in the twelfth century. The fame of the Spanish Inquisition, as Ferdinand and Isabella established it at the close of the fifteenth century, was directed at Jewish merchant and Muslim traders, even under reluctant approval of Sixtus IV. The literal meaning of the word heretics is choosing, selecting beliefs outside or of different religions instead of accepting obediently the whole faith of the Catholic Church. Although, no authorities could completely agree on how to deal with the so-called problem of heretics, they did all agree that it had to be dealt with. A heretic is a highly unpopular person in a Middle Age town, the heretic is, then, seen as an equal to any common criminal, a rebel, and a pariah. Both civil and church authorities can run an inquisition in order to root out non-believers from a nation or religion in the wake of the decline of the Roman Empire. The Spanish Inquisition was used for both political and religious reasons and founded by the Catholic Kings in 1478 . Spain at the time was a nation-state that was born out of religious struggle between numerous different belief systems including Catholicism, Islam, Protestant and Judaism. Following the Crusades and the Reconquest of Spain by the Christian Spaniards the leaders of Spain needed a way to unify the country into a strong nation.

Police Discretion Essay

Discretion is one of the tools used by police officers discretion that allows them to adapt to changing conditions in society. This vital aspect of his position helps the officer to fairly and equitably apply and enforce the laws he has sworn to uphold. Using Discretion At some point in their lives, everyone uses discretion at one time or another. In the case of the police officer, however, discretion is an invaluable skill used in the performance of every aspect of his job function. When an officer detains a person for any reason, he must be able to qualify and justify his reasoning for the stop. If he is unable to do so, he may find himself not only in an awkward situation legally, but potentially a life-threatening one. Officers use professional discretion in a myriad of ways, from the more mundane; pulling a vehicle over because an officer observed a motorist demonstrating suspicious behavior to entering a home without a warrant due to exigent circumstances. Either way, there must be a policy in effect to control arbitrary discretion. Discretion under Control Controlling discretion should start long before the hiring process begins. The most suitable method would be a double-pronged test. The first examination would be a formal, standardized, psychological test followed up with an oral review of specific situations that an officer might run across on a daily basis. Once a candidate is hired, role-playing would be the next logical avenue to follow to hone and maintain an officer’s abilities to handle a wide variety of situations. Another alternative for controlling discretion would be an agency’s use of mechanical devices to monitor common areas and generate automated enforcement documents. Photo radar, red light cameras and generalized video surveillance are three examples of such measures. This may be a viable option for satisfying the community and making sure that all laws are enforced free of bias or opinion. Using these methods, all applicable laws and policies are followed and discrimination is kept to a minimum. Full Enforcement: Smoke and Mirrors Society is under the impression that police officers are in compliance with the complete, unilateral enforcement of all laws. This mythical aspect of policing does more harm than good in most situations since this false impression can lead to feelings of discrimination or persecution. The reality of the situation is that police officers have considerable, although unofficial, latitude in their decision-making process for day-to-day operations. â€Å"Officers are paid to make specialized decisions through a prism of their training, experience and totality of the circumstances. (Petrocelli, 2007) Police officers are allowed to diverge from full enforcement for numerous reasons and in a wide variety of different manners. However, the law and departmental policy must set limits on the amount and extent of discretion on the part of the officers. To that end, a number of different scenarios can be examined and the implications of an officer’s judgment can be seen. Actions and Reactions Here are some examples of actions and reactions that can affect, or are the result, of an officer’s exercise of his discretion. When it comes to the use of force, the police must exercise caution. For instance, when an officer finds himself with a suspect that he is absolutely certain knows the whereabouts of a kidnapped child. After a bit of hard core interrogation the suspect is still unwilling to give the location of the child. In order to obtain a confession, the officer might feel he is justified in using a considerable amount of force in acquiring this information. However, case law states that this would be an unreasonable method of obtaining a confession, even if a child’s life was at stake. On the other hand, when exigent circumstances occur, a police officer is forced to use his discretion on the spot. A dispatched officer arrives at the scene of a homicide of a well-known resident. Repeated failed attempts to contact the victim’s spouse at his residence have created a sense of urgency among the officers to prevent any further unnecessary loss of life. In this case, entry into the residence without a warrant is justified. (Dempsey & Forst, 2005) This scenario leads us to another area of discretionary action: reasonable suspicion. If an officer observes a person who appears to be carrying a concealed weapon, he is completely within his authority to conduct a stop and frisk. However, the officer must have more than just a â€Å"gut feeling†, he must actually have some reason to believe that the person has a weapon (e. g. a large bulge in the back of the shirt, the grip of a pistol protruding from a belt, etc). The officer cannot just randomly stop a passer-by on the street and frisk them simply because he thinks he might have a weapon. One common misconception is that all arrests by police officers require that the suspect be advised of his or her Miranda rights. However, ‘Mirandizing’ a suspect is not always a mandatory procedure. For example, if a suspect has been arrested and charged with a crime but not read his Miranda rights, the only complication this causes for the police is that it precludes them from using anything the suspect says as evidence against him or her in court. It is conceivable that an officer has more than enough evidence to prove his case against the offender and it is reasonable for an officer to refrain from advising him or her of his rights in such a case. (Nolo, n. . ) However, should the police act on the information from non-Miranda statements or confession, any evidence found, is considered ‘fruit of the poisonous tree’ and is inadmissible in court. Lastly, the police can face the issue of denial of counsel. During a custodial detention interrogation, a suspect requests an attorney and the police inform the suspect that one will be provided. If the officer continues an adversarial conversation without the suspect’s legal counsel present, any information obtained in not admissible in court.  Furthermore, once a suspect has requested an attorney, the officer must immediately cease the interrogation or they are in violation of the suspect’s civil rights. Conclusion As we can see, the use of discretion on the part of the police is an integral part of their job. Without discretion, the police would have no choice but to enact a policy of full enforcement, which is likely to result in considerable distress among the communities. Control of discretionary behavior is vital, however, to ensure that discrimination is minimized and the law is appropriately enforced.

Detterence

Running Head: Deterrence 1 Deterrence Criminology Shawn Caulder Excelsior College Deterrence 2 Abstract: During the course of study in references for the topic of deterrence I have found a vast amount of information.Most are articles written by different intellectual scholars in the criminal justice field all weighing in on what they believe the theory of â€Å"Deterrence† is and how it relates to the ability to deflect and or inhibit crime during war time, peace time and stately situations. In particular I found one article to be an astounding work done by a man named Stephen Quackenbush with an article titled General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory (2006). Although this article deals with deterrence theory of international conflict it still involves the basic roots of deterrence.I would like to show that through Mr. Quackenbush’s work one can come very close to a â€Å"Perfect Theory of Deterrence â€Å" by simply following the logic of the article. Deterrence 3 When searching for the topic it was my goal to find the meaning of deterrence and or the application behind the theory. I wanted something with close ties to the relationship of the text we are using in the classroom.The text we are using Vold’s Theoretical Criminology, 6th ed (Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, 2010). I found in the article what I needed to relate different aspects of the text to the fundamentals behind what S. Quackebush (2006) had theorized about the levels behind deterrence. Not only does his research provide information on when and how to implement deterrence it can use simple math to determine the victor in every situation based on fundamentals of push and shove and force on force comparisons.In order to understand what deterrence was I wanted to find a source to provide a little more input than data from the 1800’s, as we have learned from Cesare Bonesana (1738-1794) statement concerning the implementation of ke eping punishments proportional to the seriousness of the crime so that the cost always exceeds the reward (Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, pg. 14). This is all well and good to understand how to set its boundary of punishment to the crime but I needed a better understanding of how it worked and what other factors besides crime helped to determine severity and what types of deterrence we see in our world today.By looking into Quackenbush’s (2006) theory I can gain a better understanding of the levels of deterrence and the players in the game. By understanding it better myself and can readily adapt it better in my of life and have a better understanding of why and how it is used not only on the global level but on every street corner in America. I order to locate the information I was searching for I followed the link provided in module one under the paper one resource provided by the course administrator.After following the link to the Excelsior Library’s resource search pa ge I entered deterrence into the search box and began to look for articles that appealed to me over those that were easier for lack of a better term. Deterrence 4 I did find an article prior to the one by Mr. Quackenbush (2006) but after careful review I found the course required the article to be from 2000 and up. My article was from the 1930’s so that got quickly recycled and I found the article mentioned above.When I have used the library resource in the past I find it is always best to find your specific subject of study go to that portion of the library and search using specific terms within the requirements you have for the research to be done. In this case it was easy I had one word to describe my intent to the search box and in return it pulled up many documents. I knew that since mine needed to be a specific format â€Å"Article† I then eliminated all but the required information such as periodicals and journals. Of course a wide variety of useful and some no t so useful articles, journals and periodicals popped up.I simply perused through them until I found a few that grabbed my attention. I would then open the journal and briefly read through it to see if it contained the content I wanted or was interested in. Once I found the writing that best fit the work I wanted to explore my time was done in the Excelsior Library. While looking through the many choices that were made available to me I quickly looked at content for information that one, intrigued me and two had some rational sense in which I could then understand and use.What is the point of using information that you have no Comprehension of? Once these guidelines were established I look at the list of references and crossed checked these and the original author through the internet to find any additional information that may have been useful to me. The trick to this as well is to find a resource that has the intent of the message being interpreted and received by the viewer. If I am to do a paper on deterrence what benefit would I gain from a paper on crime rates in Kalamazoo, MI? At this point relevance to the meaning of the research is a factor.Another key thing to look for in an article is what amount of evidence is backed up by fact and how much of it is based on opinion or hearsay? Deterrent 5 A good resource needs to be based on as much proven fact and be backed by additional works to allow for the best use of the material in which you are going to use for your paper. Anyone can find a story on their topic but is it a story or is there hard evidence to back it up?I believe my methods of evaluation are probably a bit more stringent than those described in the library resource. I tend to be a stickler for what I want to use for any form of writing in order to try to get my point across as best as possible. The library resources are abundant with useful information though. Do not think I am discrediting then because that would be far from the truth. As a new student when I first started my Undergraduates Degree I used all the resources available to me especially the library.The article I chose to introduce to compliment Chapter two’s lesson on deterrence is an article called General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory, by Stephen L. Quackenbush (2006). When I first began to read the article it intrigue my because it deals not just with the cause and effect of deterrence but the quantative measure of it as if it is and has always been a scientific fact of life. It begins by stating deterrence is the use of a threat (explicit or not) by one party in attempt to convince another party not to upset the status quo (Quackenbush, S.L. 2006). It breaks it down into two purposes which are direct and extended deterrence. One is immediate and used primarily as a means of prevention or attack on a defender, while the other is meant to deter a general population. Along with this are two types of situa tions that are created by deterrence. The first is immediate and is targeted toward a specific challenger and general which is all encompassing of a group (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). Deterrent 6Inside these purposes are different categories to describe different events of deterrence to include direct immediate deterrence, direct general deterrence, extended immediate deterrence and extended general deterrence (Quackenbush, S. L. 2006). These are considered different strategies based on your position. In this article the author chose to focus primarily on direct general deterrence to prove his theory of the â€Å"perfect deterrence†. At many times Dr. Quackenbush (2006) speaks in term of deterrence being that of a game. I will describe the way that I understand his game based n the article as it delves deep into mathematical equations that do make sense but are a long way to describe it how I will. As discussed before there are and have to always be two sides when we speak of deterrence. In the case of the article they are known as Challenger and Defender. In this game there are choices to be made and depending on the choice each side makes will determine whether you are the defender or the challenger. Think of it if you will like a national game of chess depending on how you chose to play your piece will either make you the aggressor or leave you making defensive moves to get out of harm’s way.Earlier it was discussed that deterrence is simply used to bring one party back to the status quo or the normal. Being the defender or challenger and based on the decisions you make will put you into one of two places. You will either be the defender, come back to the status quo or you will retaliate (becoming the challenger) and move into conflict and vice versa. Based on this Dr. Quackenbush (2006) has established that no matter where we are even in peace times there will always be a direct general deterrence. The shift from this happens when one side mov es their piece one way or another.The understanding of deterrence in this article is based on a state to state or nation to nation offensive and defensive. We typically are discussing criminal activities of general population during this course but I do have a way to show just how much it looks like the national scale of deterrence within our precincts and our cities. Deterrence 7 One of the ways it can be shown that Dr.Quackenbush’s (2006) Theory of the perfect deterrence being present in our text is to compare just a few similarities in which he based his work on. One of the first few terms that come to mind is deterrence decay and residual deterrence. If compared to the though t of a continual deterrence as suggested by Dr. Quackenbush then you can consider these the effects of a deterrent being put into place. This would happen in three stages the initial deterrent, the deterrent decay and what would be left would be the residual deterrence. By showing that there are dif ferent levels and or stages of deterrence at any given ime then we can validate the Theory of Perfect Deterrence as proposed by Dr. Quackenbush (2006). By knowing the challenger to defender relationship it can compare to local law enforcement against drugs, crime, gangs and the list goes on. At times the law enforcement agencies are the challenger and the criminals are the defender. Those roles do reverse and local authorities have come under attack many times before. By understanding that there is always some type of ongoing deterrence whether perceived or intentional the challenger and or the defender will plan accordingly.The threat of going to jail for a crime is a constant deterrent for most. At times though there are those that weigh the benefit to the loss and chose to defy the deterrent sometimes they get away with it and sometimes they don’t. It is knowing that there is a consequence for your action that keeps most on the straight and narrow. A perceived deterrent wo uld be a shining star in proof of constant deterrence theory. Based on past experiences people will build a perceived notion of punishment for an offense. The deterrent had been initiated long ago yet the residual effect of it remains.Deterrence 8 References: Bernard, Snipes, & Gerould, (2010) Vold's Theoretical Criminology, 6th ed. Oxford University Press INC. New York, NY Quackenbush, S. L. (2006) General Deterrence and International Conflict: Testing Perfect Deterrence Theory: Retrieved from: http://ehis. ebscohost. com. vlib. excelsior. edu/eds/detail? vid=4;hid=5;sid=aa2e740b-17f8-471a-843f-25982123af97%40sessionmgr111;bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h;AN=48490499

How to Procrastinate and Get Nothing Done - Proofed

How to Procrastinate and Get Nothing Done - Proofed How to Procrastinate and Get Nothing Done Are you getting too much work done? Would you rather spend your time worrying about deadlines? If so, follow our guide on how to procrastinate and watch your productivity drop instantly! The circle of procrastination. 1. Don’t Plan Anything If you really want to get nothing done, the last thing you need is a plan. After all, planning your working day will help you manage your time effectively and give you a sense of your overall progress. Instead, take on various tasks at random, regardless of how important or difficult they might be. If you’re lucky, you’ll get bogged down in something pointless and complex! 2. Find a Chaotic Environment It is much easier to be productive if you have a calm and controlled work environment. Ideally, this should be somewhere quiet and comfortable, with everything you need easily accessible nearby. However, if you’re looking to procrastinate, we suggest doing your work somewhere busy, uncomfortable, and noisy, such as a coffee shop during the lunchtime rush or a busy airport lounge. Yup. This seems like a good place to get work done.(Photo: Josh Hallett/flickr) 3. Check Twitter Constantly It goes without saying that social media is much more interesting than work. After all, why would you want to do anything useful when you could procrastinate by spending hours arguing with anonymous online strangers about whether Marvel or DC make the best superhero movies? And don’t forget that there is more to the internet than just Twitter and Facebook! There are literally thousands of ways to waste time online, so the procrastination opportunities are infinite. You can run, but your followers will find you eventually!(Image: Alan ORourke) 4. Blame Yourself Perhaps you’re already behind with your work. Well, now is the time to self-recriminate for your lack of productivity. By focusing on what you should have done so far instead of what you could do next, you can guarantee that you won’t get anything useful done soon! 5. Try to Do Everything by Yourself When people work together, they are much more likely to get stuff done. And if you can ask a friend or a colleague for help with something difficult, you will find it much easier to achieve your goals. This is why the true procrastinator always works alone. If you try to take on every task by yourself with no assistance from anyone, any progress you do make will be slow and stressful. A Final Piece of Advice†¦ Of course, if you actually want to get some work done, we recommend doing the opposite to everything we’ve said above. So, if you want to avoid procrastination, you can: Plan your work carefully and break it down into simple steps Create a calm, disturbance-free environment Use a website blocker to limit your access to online distractions Reward yourself for good behavior and forgive yourself for mistakes Don’t be afraid to ask for support! And remember that we’re here to help with proofreading, letting you focus on the important stuff.

Definition of Asymptotic Variance in Statistical Analysis

Definition of Asymptotic Variance in Statistical Analysis The definition of the asymptotic variance of an estimator may vary from author to author or situation to situation. One standard definition is given in Greene, p 109, equation (4-39) and is described as sufficient for nearly all applications. The definition for asymptotic variance given is: asy var(t_hat) (1/n) * limn-infinity E[ {t_hat - limn-infinity E[t_hat] }2 ] Introduction to Asymptotic Analysis Asymptotic analysis is a method of describing limiting behavior and has applications across the sciences from applied mathematics to statistical mechanics to computer science.  The term  asymptotic  itself refers to approaching a value or curve arbitrarily closely as some limit is  taken.  In applied mathematics and econometrics,  asymptotic  analysis is employed in the building of numerical mechanisms that will approximate equation solutions. It is a crucial tool in the exploration of the ordinary and partial differential equations that emerge when researchers attempt to model real-world phenomena through applied mathematics. Properties of Estimators In statistics, an estimator is a rule for calculating an estimate of a value or quantity (also known as the estimand) based upon observed data. When studying the properties of estimators that have been obtained, statisticians make a distinction between two particular categories of properties: The small or finite sample properties, which are considered valid no matter the sample sizeAsymptotic properties, which are associated with infinitely larger samples when n  tends to ∞ (infinity). When dealing with finite sample properties, the aim is to study the behavior of the estimator assuming that there are many samples and as a result, many estimators. Under these circumstances, the average of the estimators should provide the necessary information. But when in practice when there is only one sample, asymptotic properties must be established. The aim is then to study the behavior of estimators as n, or the sample population size,  increases. The asymptotic properties an estimator may possess include asymptotic unbiasedness, consistency, and asymptotic efficiency. Asymptotic Efficiency and Asymptotic Variance Many statisticians consider the minimum requirement for determining a useful estimator is for the estimator to be consistent, but given that there are generally several consistent estimators of a parameter, one must give consideration to other properties as well. Asymptotic efficiency is another property worth consideration in the evaluation of estimators. The property of asymptotic efficiency targets the asymptotic variance of the estimators. Though there are many definitions, asymptotic variance can be defined as the variance, or how far the set of numbers is spread out, of the limit distribution of the estimator. More Learning Resources Related to Asymptotic Variance To learn more about asymptotic variance, be sure to check the following articles about terms related to asymptotic variance: AsymptoticAsymptotic NormalityAsymptotically EquivalentAsymptotically Unbiased

Sucess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sucess - Essay Example Regardless of the definition of success, there are numerous common characteristics and skills shared by numerous entrepreneurs and managers. This paper discusses the success traits and skills of Marc Jacobs and Louis Vuitton. He is an American fashion designer and heads Marc Jacobs Fashion Company in France. In addition, he also heads Marc by Marc Jacobs. Marc Jacobs is a successful entrepreneur with more than 201 retail ventures in 82 countries. Since 1997, while still running his ventures, he has been working for Louis Vuitton Company as the creative director (Grigoriadis). Recently, his success made Times Magazine rank him among the 100 most influential people in the world. This is a France-based Fashion House started by Louis Vuitton in 1855. It is one of the most leading and successful fashion houses in the world. Its monogram is well renowned as it is featured in its products which range from leather goods to shoes, jewellery, watches, sunglasses and luxury trunks (Richard 750). This fashion house owns boutiques and departmental stores across the globe, which act as its selling points. Moreover, the Internet has been a contributive factor of its high sales. A successful business cannot be built by one individual alone. This is a task that requires a team that is devoted to the business and its success. Marc Jacobs promotes cohesion and team work among the employees. This promotes good relationship between him and the subordinates. Craven notes that Marc Jacobs’ workers are loyal to him and that they love him. Levy asserts that Marc Jacobs discusses issues about fabrics with his staff. In addition, Marc Jacobs motivates his employees. In reference to Walker and Brown, employee motivation is a fundamental factor that leads to business success and promotes good relations between the employer and employee (580). A successful entrepreneur believes in the business.

Development of Professional Policing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development of Professional Policing - Essay Example The emphasis here was on training and skills needed to prevent crime and maintain order. The journey was a long and arduous one for professional policing as its proponents and detractors fought tooth and nail to promote or prevent its development. The transition phase was a turbulent one as the debate raged on, with arguments flowing thick and fast between those who called for reform and their opponents. In the protracted battle that was to follow the detractors initially gained the upper hand and were able to stall many parliamentary measures that were proposed to establish more professional and effective policing. Eventually the tide turned in favour of the reformers, and the New Police took firm root in English society. A critical analysis of the arguments for and against the development of professional policing in nineteenth century England can prove to be very illuminating for the student of police history. Towards the end of its tenure, and sometime at the beginning of the nineteenth century the Old police received a lot of criticism and was tried on the charges of inadequacy, inefficiency, corruption and dereliction of duty. There were voices calling out for reform and the establishment of improved policing, meanwhile, the criticism continued to pour in. Critchley (1967) insisted that during those times of inept policing there was real "danger of a total relapse into barbarity" (cited by Godfrey and Lawrence, 2005, p.17). Rawlings (2002, p. 108) also mentions the criticism against the London night watchmen, "the almost useless, decrepit, and inefficient tribe of watchmen with which for the most part, the streets of the metropolis may rather be said to be infested rather than protected". The reasons were many for the charges against the old police. The parish constables were selected on a rotation basis and they could hire deputies, who were usually poorly qualified to satisfactorily perform the task at hand. John Wade in response to this practice said, "The office has fallen into the hands of the lowest class of retailers and costardmongers, who make up the deficient allowance of their principals by indirect sources of emolument" (cited by Rawlings, 2002, p.109). Once the term of office was over they had to resume their role in the community as ordinary citizens and go back to their former occupations. Therefore not surprisingly most of the constables, being aware of this fact were more concerned with currying favour with the locals and conforming to popular opinion than preventing crime and implementing measures that were unpalatable to local taste. Sometimes victims were unable to pay for the services of the constable and the criminal would not be apprehended. Fur thermore, according to Godfrey and Lawrence (2005, p.14), they were not assured a steady or lucrative income, so "they may well have been less willing to act on their own initiative and more willing simply to do the minimum required of them". In other words due to the lack of a financial incentive, the constables did not perform their functions adequately and for the same reason they were not above criminal

An act of courage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

An act of courage - Essay Example o researchers on behaviors working closely with the police administration, the results obtained have more to tell regarding the manner in which some families conduct themselves. According to Natasha, in the article Where are the Men?, results indicate that most of the children involved in crimes and drug trafficking are the ones brought up by single mothers. Additionally, another group of the children affected by this syndrome come from families where the father is inactive in playing the role of shaping his children in learning good morals and in become self reliant. Fatherless homes suffer from invasion from any outsider since the father figure is absent in such families. There is no complete love that children should draw from both parents. The mother is therefore left with a big burden that she cannot bear on her own. Later in life, I learnt that my first cousin, Johnson, engaged in drug and substance abuse due to lack a sound father in his life figure to emulate. Johnson had been reared by an industrious mother who would try her best in providing for her family. The cousin, by the name Johnson, cleared his junior school and instead of proceeding with studies, he opted to start his own business in the city. His initial business was a small shop selling clothing. The business succeeded and within four months he had registered a significant profit. Everyone in the family got amazed at the outstanding work of Johnson. After another three months, the performance of Johnson’s business started dropping, something that shocked everyone who had hope on him. The question on everyone’s mind was, "what could be wrong?" The poor performance was as a result of lack of sound business skills. Johnson did not know the concept of saving or even reinvesting. He used to spend almost every sale he makes. Johnson’s mother approached Johnson’s father requesting him to have a talk with the son, hoping that he would sustain the business. Shockingly, instead of addressing

Structure of Collagen Proteins

Structure of Collagen Proteins Collagen forms the majority of the protein that is found in mammalian organisms and constitutes 30% of the total protein mass of a human. By being used as a gibbet, collagen is utilized by body cells towards the molding of their surroundings. This eventually creates an atmosphere favorable for normal cell function as well as the development of the tissues. Apart from providing mechanical support, collagen have several ligands which improve the performance of factor receptors and integrins that can control cellular procedures such as cell union, cell migration commonly known as chemotaxis, remodeling of tissues, as well as the healing of wounds. Collagen comprises of between 25 and 35 percent of the total protein tissue present in a mammals body. The hair, connective tissues as well major connective tissues are made up of collagen. Collagen is structured into fibrous strands, precise to their role (Lamberg 226). Collagen is broken down into several sub-units known as tropocollagen. A Tropocollagen has a form of a triple helix attached to a hydrogen bond to form a polypeptide chain. A sample Collagen is predominantly made up of amino acids. It has high levels of proline and glycine alongside hydroxylysine and hydroxyproline. Vitamin C is essential during the building up process of collagens, although it is not a direct constituent of the amino acid chain. Currently, there are 29 known collagen types of fiber. The most prevalent in the body are the type 1, 2, 3 and 4. The type one collagen is present in all soft tissues inclusive of the internal organs, the bones and tendons as well as the skin. On the other hand, Type 2 collagen is found in the cartilage of the body structures while type 3 is common in reticular membranes and tissues. Additionally, Type 4 collagen is only found in the membranes of the cell basement. If the formation of collagen happens inside the cell, then the process is known as vivo formation. In this process, three peptide chains appear in the ribosomes all along the rough endoplasmic reticulum. On the contrary, if the collagen is formed outside the cell, then the method of formation is known as vitro formation. According to this process, Collagen is produced in a laboratory through manual procedures. One collagen is made up of a chain of five small tropocollagen molecules. The protein strand is made up of the ami no acid base. The staggered arrangement of Tropocollagen molecules permits them to adhere to adjoining strands and thus providing the fibers with additional strength (Murrieta 16). By designation, a collagen molecule is made up three ÃŽÂ ± chains also known as polypeptide chains and contains on the least, one domain having a repeating Gly-X-Y sequence in all of the essential chains (Myllyharju and Kivirikko 26). At present, all vertebrates are made up of at least 27 collagen types each having 42 distinct ÃŽÂ ± chain. A number of collagens make up homotrimers having three ÃŽÂ ± chains whereas others have two or even three distinct ÃŽÂ ± chains. The X and Y locations can contain any amino acid apart from glycine. Characteristically, proline is only available in the X spot with 4-hydroxyproline in the Y position. Whereas 4-hydroxyprolines are necessary for the solidity of the triple helix, glycines are essential for filling the three chains into a coiled-coil configuration. This formation is exemplified as a left-handed helix that is wound about a regular axis to form a triple helix with a one-dimensional right-handed superhelical pitch, producing the ultimate arrangement of a rope-like rod. Collagen Types With the aim of avoiding confusion, collagens are given roman numerals in the order that they have discovered. Whilst referring to the composition of a collagen, each of the three ÃŽÂ ± chains is initially quantified for chain number (1, 2, or 3) and thereafter the type of the collagen is identified. For instance, ÃŽÂ ±2 (I) refers to the second ÃŽÂ ± chain is type I whereas ÃŽÂ ±1 (II) refers to the first ÃŽÂ ± chain is type II collagen. Collagen division into families is made essentially by the apparatus and organization of matrix gathering. The following are the nine collagen families along with their respective types. fibril-forming (I, II, III, V, XI, XXIV and XXVII), fibril-associated collagens with interrupted triple helices (FACITs) positioned on the exterior of fibrils (IX, XII, XIV, XVI, XIX, XX, XXI, XXII and XXVI), hexagonal form (VIII and X), basement membrane forming (IV), beaded filaments (VI), affixing fibrils for basement membranes (VII), transmembrane domains (XIII, XVII, XXIII and XXV), and the family of type XV and XVIII collagens (Kivirriko 123). Definite collagens are articulated in a tissue definite approach, as depicted in types II, IX and XI that are set up almost entirely in cartilage, although type XVII is just found in skin hemidesmosomes. In addition, some collagen forms are ordinary in the majority of extracellular matrices, as in the case of type I. Furthermore, collagen fibrils that frequently comprise more than one kind of collagen. Such a type I collagen may also possesses smaller amounts of types III, V and XII. Additional heterogeneity in the super family may be as a result of unusual splicing of the records of several genes as well as the use of option promoters in a number of genes. Through the huge figure of structurally distinct members of the super family involves being caught up in numerous biological functions (Kadler 124). Collagen assembly Most of the collagens have a similar formulation procedure thats characteristically linked with type I. By starting inside the cell, three peptide chains are produced in ribosomes all along the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER). The chains formed are then referred to as preprocollagens and each one of them possess registration peptides on the end as well as a signal peptide. Upon completion, these peptide chains are then sent into the lumen of the RER somewhere they are slashed into their procollagen shapes. Whilst in the RER, the chains progress to undertake a chain of efficient changes. Initially, the lysine as well as proline amino acids are hydroxylated, a procedure that depends on ascorbic acid. Subsequently, precise hydroxylated amino acids are glycosylated, permitting the three chains to relate into a triple helical formation. Lastly, the procollagen is transported to the Golgi apparatus for packaging as well as secretion in a process known as exocytosis. The moment the collagen is outside the cell, it is again reordered into a functional matrix. listing peptides are sliced via procollagen peptidase, to form tropocollagen, which can which has the potential to aggregate itself and form collagen fibers. In the case of non-fibular collagen, the N- and C-propeptides remain in the cell where they assist in directing super molecular assembly. Following the formation of fiber, inter-chain cross-linking of collagen take place between lysine and hydroxylysine residues subsequent to deamination from lysyl oxidase (Kivirriko 123). Molecular Structure A collagen molecule also known as tropocollagen is a sub-unit of bigger collagen collection as in the case of fibrils. The molecule has a diameter of around 1.5nm and is 300nm long. It is made up of three polypeptide strand, each having left-handed helix conformation. In addition, the three left-handed helices are twisted collectively to form a right handed super helix, a joint quaternary structure alleviated by several hydrogen bonds. The association of type I collagen with possible fibrillar collagens to form a branded triple helix is referred to as microfibril. Every microfibril is interdigitated with its adjoining microfibrils to an extent that may propose that they are independently unbalanced even though within collagen fibrils they are so well structured to be crystalline. Since glycine is the least amino acid having no side chain, it has a unique responsibility in fibrous structural proteins. In the formation of collagen, Gly is essential at all third position since the assemblage of the triple helix holds this residue at the inner (axis) of the helix, wherever there is no gap for a larger side group than glycines sole hydrogen atom. For similar basis, the rings of the Pro and Hyp should point outward. The function of the two amino acids is to help stabilize the triple helix. Fibrillar Structure The tropocollagen subunits impulsively assemble itself with recurrently spread out ends, into even bigger arrays in the extracellular vacant places of tissues. In the case of fibrillar collagens, the molecules are spread out from each other by 67nm. Each and every D-period has 4 and fraction molecules of collagen. This is due to the fact that if you divide 300 by 67 doesnt yield a large integer. Therefore in each D-period duplicated of the microfibril, there exists a part having five molecules in a cross-section known as overlap. On the other hand, the part consisting of four molecules is known as the Gap. The triple-helices may also be prearranged in a hexagonal or quasi-hexagonal arrangement in section, both the overlap region and the Gap. Equally the gap and overlap regions (Xie 549). There exists a covalent is cross connections in the triple helices, as well as an amount of covalent cross connections involving tropocollagen helices outlining a well structured collection like fibrils. Bigger fibrillar bunches are produced with the support of numerous diverse categories of proteins as well as diverse collagen brands, proteoglycans and glycoprotein to shape the diverse kinds of fully-grown tissues from alternating blends of the similar major players. The insolubility of collagens has been a barrier to the research carried out on monomeric until it was discovered that tropocollagen from immature animals could be removed since by then, is it not yet completely cross connected. Nonetheless, progress in microscopy systems microscopy of electron (EM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the diffraction of X-ray have facilitated those doing research to acquire gradually more comprehensive figures of collagen configuration in situ. This afterward progress is predominantly significant to improved perception of the system in which collagen configuration influences communication in both intracellular and cell-matrix stages, and how tissues are build in development and restoration, and altered in growth and infection. For instance by means of AFM -based nanoindentation, researchers have been able to show that a particular fibril of collagen is a varied substance alongside its axial course with extensively diverse automatic functions in its fissure and partly covered areas, connecting with its diverse molecular associations in these two areas. The fibrils of collagen are partially crystalline collections of molecules made of collagen. Collagen fibers (filaments) are bunches of fibrils. Fibrils/ collections of collagen are prearranged in diverse arrangements and attentiveness in a variety of tissues to offer unstable tissue elements. In fillets, complete triple helices of collagen are positioned in a parallel, reeled display. Forty nm spaces involving the endings of the tropocollagen subdivisions-roughly equivalent to the breach section- almost certainly act as nucleation position for the deposition of long, hard, fine crystals of the mineral component, which is (approximately) hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 with some phosphate. It is in this way that certain kinds of cartilage turn into bone. Type I collagen gives bone its tensile strength. Prolyl 4-Hydroxylase (P4H) As formerly stated, hydroxylation of the Y-position proline residues is a critical modification for generating stable triple helical collagen. This modification is carried out in the lumen of the RER by the enzyme prolyl 4-hydroxylase (Tandon 199). The vertebrate forms of these P4Hs are ÃŽÂ ±2 ÃŽÂ ²2 tetramers in which the ÃŽÂ ² subunit is identical to the protein disulfide isomerase PDI (Myllyharju, 2003). Various isoforms of the catalytic a subunit have been found in organisms of varying size and complexity; from humans to Drosophila. Another family of P4Hs in the cytoplasm has been uncovered and has been linked to the regulation of the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor HIF. Cytoplasmic P4Hs have no PDI subunit, require different sequences flanking the prolines that are hydroxylated, and have markedly higher Km values (Kivirikko and Myllyharju 199). No overall amino acid sequence homology is detected between the collagen and the cytoplasmic HIF P4Hs, with the exception of critical catalytic residues. HIF is continuously synthesized and under normoxic conditions a critical proline residue in a -Leu-X-X-Leu-Ala-Prosequence is hydroxylated by the cytoplasmic P4Hs, not by collagen P4Hs. The resulting 4-hydroxyproline residue is essential for HIFÃŽÂ ± binding to the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex for subsequent proteasomal degradation. However, under hypoxic conditions hydroxylation ceases, allowing HIFÃŽÂ ± to escape degradation and instead forms a stable dimer with HIFÃŽÂ ² (Jaakkol a, 2001). Once formed, the dimer is translocated into the nucleus and becomes bound to the HIF-responsive elements in a number of hypoxia-inducible genes, such as those for erythropoietin, vascular endothelial growth factor, glycolytic enzymes and even for the ÃŽÂ ±(I) subunit of human type I collagen (Takahashi 200). Illinois Institute of Technology biologist Joseph Orgel used the high-energy X-rays produced by the APS to examine the structure of collagen, a protein that composes more than a quarter of all protein in the human body and forms the principal component of skin, teeth, ligaments, the heart, blood vessels, bones and cartilage. In these tissues, collagen molecules pack themselves into overlapping bundles called fibrils. These fibrils, which each contain billions of atoms, entwine themselves into collagen fibres that are visible to the naked eye (Xuyang 2760). Scientists have known the basic molecular structure of collagen since the 1950s, when several different international groups of scientists discovered that it had a triple-stranded helical structure. However, researches had never before had the ability to study the structure of an entire fibril in the same way that they could study an individual collagen molecule, according to Orgel. Orgel and his team performed diffraction studies on intact collagen fibrils inside the tendons of rat tails in order to understand just how the protein functioned within unbroken tissue. We tried to draw a highly accurate map of the molecular structure of tissues, Orgel said. By doing so, we hope to transform a very basic understanding that we have of the molecular structure of tissue into a much more tangible form. Since the scientists kept the tendon tissue intact, they could see how the collagen molecule binds to collagenases, a class of enzymes which when working properly help to regulate the normal growth and development of animals but when malfunctioning can lead to the metastasis of cancerous tumors or rheumatoid arthritis. The visualization of this interaction could help drug developers to create an inhibitor to prevent the pathological action of the enzyme, Orgel said. Previous studies of the structure of collagen had looked only at crystals of small fragments of the protein, so scientists had little idea of how it looked within intact tissue. Its impossible to get the information that we did by removing tiny chunks of the tissue, Orgel said. We couldnt obtain this data by single-crystal crystallography. This research was made possible only because of the BioCAT beam line provided by the APS. Applications Collagen has been extensively used in beauty surgical procedures, hemostats, mechanism coatings, recovery fluids, formulation recipients, tablets, cartilage rebuilding, medicine release, in addition to skin substitutes for patients with burns. However, both medical and cosmetic use is declining because most commercially available collagens are derived from bovine or porcine tissues. Mainly enriched in type I collagen, these preparations also contain small amounts of type III as well as other collagens that are difficult and expensive to remove from the desired material. Moreover, there is a high rate of allergic reactions from animal-derived collagens, causing prolonged redness. Using collagen derived from cows also poses the risk of transmitting prion diseases such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). The scientific community also uses collagen in its studying its role in tissue development and disease. Extracting sufficient quantities of nontraditional or less prominent colla gens is a costly and difficult task (Kadler 196). A processed form of collagen commonly used is gelatin. Derived from denatured collagen, gelatin is composed of a mixture of collagen chains of different length, structure, and composition. This distribution depends on what type(s) of collagens are extracted, the extraction method, as well as the pH and ionic strength of the solution used for processing. Because gelatin is a heterogeneous composition, especially in size and isoelectric point, the resulting products will inevitably have variable gelling and physical properties. This variability presents a significant challenge for medical applications where stability, safety, and control are necessary (Crissman 192). Cheaply produced recombinant collagens and gelatins have the potential to alleviate many of the issues associated with animal derived versions. Given the large number of aforementioned applications there is also a large market in this area. Scalable technology is needed to make microbial expression of recombinant collagens a viable alternative to tissue extraction. Using microbes to engineer collagen allows for greater control over collagen synthesis and organization, which in turn increases the quality, consistency, and safety of collagen production. It would also provide an easy platform for introducing altered primary sequences into recombinant collagens. Such genetic control over collagen structure is crucial in studying the impact of specific mutations on collagen structural hierarchical assembly and associated functions and also would allow for the creation of designer collagen-mimetic materials. Recombinant expression would also allow for the extraction of sufficient quantities of native collagen forms that are present at low levels which are otherwise mainly characterized at cDNA and genomic levels. This would allow for structural and functional analysis of these rarer collagens (Baneyx 114). Biomaterials applications for collagens in hemostats, as skin substitutes, in cartilage reconstruction, and for drug delivery can benefit from the improved purity of cloned sources of collagen. Purity in this case would include both reducing other extracellular matrix components that may be carried through the purification process leading to potential inflammatory responses, or bioburdens with potential impact on human heath, particularly neurological disorders due to prion concerns. Recombinant human collagen seems to avoid immune reactions previously described and is therefore more biocompatible. Recombinantly derived collagen was shown to have superior mechanical strength and haemostatic activity compared to animal derived collagen when formed into a matrix. They can be altered to include bioactive peptide sequences as well as to be collagenase resistant. Recombinant gelatins can be tailored to alter their gelling temperature by controlling their hydroxyproline content. Moreover, they have been shown to be less allergenic. As they are widely used in the food and drug industry, recombinantly derived gelatins can be made animal-free and thus open for consumption by vegetarians (Baez 252).

The Cask of Amontillado Essay example -- essays research papers

The Cask of Amontillado   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Irony and symbolism are tools used in writing to convey individual messages throughout the story. It is Edgar Allan Poe’s intense use of symbolism and irony throughout the Cask of Amontillado that gives this short story its suspense and horror filled theme.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cask of Amontillado is a horror short story, which revolves around the themes of revenge and pride. The plot involves two men: Montresor, the narrator, who is an Italian aristocrat seeking revenge against the second main character: Fortunato, a proud man that flaunts about his knowledge of wines and who finally walks into his own death. Irony is defined as words or actions that convey a reality different from appearance or expectation. The use of such device in the story gives it humor and wit. The continuous use of irony is detected through style, tone and the use of exaggeration from Montresor, the narrator. From the start we can blatantly see the irony in the story. The name Fortunato implies that this man is of good luck, when in actuality he was about to face the end of his life. The setting itself in which the story takes place also contains an ironic element. It is during Venice’s Carnival that the characters meet. Carnival is supposed to be a time of celebration and happiness for everybody. However, in the tale it is a time for revenge and death. The mood changes drastically when the two characters leave the carnival for the d...

Corruption of Power Essay

The corruption of power, or the power of corruption is a common theme found in texts of many different types of media and in many societies and cultures around the world. In the texts I have selected, I have come to the conclusion that, all characters in the pursuit of power are corrupt. In the texts I have selected, which include, The Crucible, The Godfather, Animal Farm and Akira, the portrayal of corruption is closely linked to that of power. How is corruption of power shown/represented in the texts?Lord Acton, a key influence on this essay, once said, All too frequently men with the mentality of gangsters get control.This quote could hold no more relevance to any other text than that of The Godfather. In The Godfather the story revolves around that of Michael Coleone, and his rise to power as the head of a the family, a gang that deals in various underground activities. Michaels character undergoes a dramatic development as the film goes on. At the beginning of the film we can see that Michael appears to be a moral and upright character. He is a war hero, and is not involved in anyway with the family business. However as the film progresses, and Michael stats gaining power in the family, he becomes more amoral, firstly killing Sollozzo, a gangster who attempted to take Michaels father, Vito Corleones, life. At this sudden and dramatic change in character Michael justifies his revenge saying, Its not personal, Sonny. It’s strictly business. The term, just business is used throughout the film to justify corrupt behaviour, immediately associating the character as materialistic and amoral. The film hence suggests that Michael, perhaps like all of us, always had the potential to be materialistic, (and therefore amoral,)but did not previously hold a position that enabled him to commit any acts or corruption or evil.This corruption is also evident Animal Farm, where the pigs, and more specifically Napoleon, strive for power as a means to commit acts of corruption. Here, however, the initial motivation is the inverse, and yet the same of what we see in the Godfather. Where Michael uses corruption to achieve power, Napoleon uses power as a means to commit selfish act of corruption. Napoleon and Snowball, two authoritative pigs assume leadership over the farm. However corruption soon becomes evident as Napoleon exiles Snowball, through a long setup plan, in order to gain full control of the farm. Just the fact that Napoleon assumed leadership and had an agenda proves that he was corrupt before he gained power. Napoleon being the only leader almost immediately becomes dictator and inevitably sets up a bureaucracy, which goes against the most important rule of Animalism, All animals are equal. So as Napoleon assumes full power, his corruption materialises, as he has no opposition to challenge him. In The Crucible too we can see that when absolute power is attained absolute corruption is gained. Powerful characters are always evil. Danforth and Abigail, the two best examples are both willing to kill in order to get what they want. For Abigail, he object of desire is Proctor, and she is willing to kill Elizabeth. While Danforth will do everything he can to protect the power he holds, allowing innocent people to be hung when he knows that the girls are lying. The characters Hale and Proctor both give up their position of power to do the right thing. Proctor for example repents and admits to adultery in order to prove to the court the grudge Abigail holds against Elizabeth. So within the play corruption is therefore represented as power itself; those who hold power, to put it bluntly are corrupt. In Akira however, corruption exists in all if not most characters. A clear sign of corruption in the movie is through the use of violence. Characters such as Kaneda who from the beginning use violence are seen as corrupt, and as we see Tetsuos character develop he becomes more and more violent, firstly beating people, then eventually killing them. Gentle or passive characters on the other hand are much more pure and, represent the good guy. We can see that as Kaneda attempts to kill Tetsuo he achieves nothing but to further enrage him and cause more destruction, but as Kaneda becomes sympathetic towards Tetsuo eventually trying to save him, he is rewarded by surviving the explosion that destroys Tokyo. What was the context in which the text was created. How does it affect the way corruption of power is portrayed?Context plays an important role in all texts, specifically in those that are allegorical, and represent reality at the time in which they were made. For example the book, Animal Farm and the play, The Crucible both are metaphorical and allegorical and both are critical reviews on an event or person at the time. In Animal Farm the protagonists are metaphorical, or rather allegorical representations of key political figures at the time. For example the character of Napoleon is Stalin in reality, while the character of Snowball is Trotsky. Both were communist revolutionaries, but both had different contradicting views on Marxist theory. The text therefore portrays Napoleon in exactly the same way as Stalin, making the character commit acts that were parallel to that of Stalins. Such as the exile of Snowball/ Trotsky, and the execution of many suspected soviet/animal enemies. In The Crucible too we can see a direct representation of corruption, as the text is metaphorical of the McCarthy trials in the 1950s. The character of Danforth, while not directly parallel like Stalin/Napoleon, has many similarities to the U.S senator McCarthy. Much like in the McCarthy trials characters in the crucible use hysteria and jurisdiction to charge rivals with crimes they did not commit. McCarthy used charges of communism against many of his opponents inside and outside of office, in the same way that characters such as Abigail used charges of witchcraft against her rival Elizabeth. Again time period plays an important factor in the portrayal of corruption. We can see that in The Godfather 1972, corruption is portrayed as one and the same thing as materialism. Vito Corleone, who is the original head of the family, may be a mob boss, but he is viewed as a moral upright character. This is because of the humanity and sense of justice that he carries with him. The opening scene of the film has the character Bonasera asking Vito to kill two boys who abused his daughter, I ask you for justice, but Vito replies, That is not justice. Your daughter is alive. Unlike almost  all the other mobsters in the film, Vito never uses the phrase just business, this emphasises yet again the humanity of his character, and contrasts with Michael and the other gangsters materialistic values. For example when one of the Corleone gangsters kill a mole within the family, he comments soon after saying, Leave the gun. Take the cannoli. This quote shows how irrelevant human life is compared to material wealth, as the killer pays no notice, let alone respect to the dead. The film is therefore a negative review on American society, and its capitalistic or materialistic values at the time. Akira is also an important text in relation to a culture or society. It is different from the other texts I have studied because being made in Japan, it is not western. This is an important fact, as we might not notice but western films are very biblical and often justify the use of violence for the good guys to defeat the bad guys. In western film evil is often much more of an external force than what we find in Japanese film. This is related to the fact that Buddhism being a major religion in Japan, influences a lot of media. Much like in The Godfather materialism is seen as evil, but the main indicator for corrupt characters in Akira is violence. All characters who commit violence are immediately considered corrupt, however these characters can be forgiven very easily by simply changing their ways and becoming more moral. What comparisons can we make between the portrayals of John Dalberg-Actons standpoint on corruption of power in the texts? What differences are there?In all the texts, those who strive for power are evil. Power is seen as a means to carry out the selfish and generally immoral goals of a character, and that is why it is valued. In The Crucible, Danforth commits evil deeds in order to stay in power. He and the other ministers recognise that the girls are lying, but if they admit they were wrong, their power will be undermined. In one particular scene Hale tries to convince Danforth to postpone if not cancel the hangings, as the girls are strongly suspected of lying, but Danforth replies saying, Twelve are already executed; the names these seven are given out,  and the village expects to see them die this morning. Postponement now speaks a floundering on my part; reprive or pardon must cast doubt upon the guilt of them that died until now. At the risk of losing authority Danforth is willing to sacrifice numerous lives in order to keep his position of power, he is therefore seen as extremely selfish and corrupt character. Abigail we can see is clearly corrupt even before she holds any power. After the girls are caught dancing in the forest, Abigail threatens them saying, We danced. That is all, and mark this, if anyone breathe a word or the edge of a word about the other things, I will come to you in the black of some terrible night, and I will bring with me a pointy reckoning that will shudder you!The Crucible does however fail to show any moral or even ethical characters develop into dishonest corrupt ones. Nevertheless we do see characters such as Hale and Proctor throw away their power and reputation, for the right thing. This nevertheless emphasises my point, as ultimately in the crucible no moral figures can have any authority. Hale starts the play being amoral, or rather naà ¯ve, but by the end is willing to throw away his reputation in order to save those he has damned. He confesses to witchcraft in an attempt to convince the judged to do the same, therefore saving their lives, he says, I come to do the devils work. I come to counsel Christians they should belie themselves . . . can you not see the blood on my head!In Animal Farm, one clear difference we can see from the other studied texts, is that Napoleon, the head pig has an agenda from early on. This serves to emphasise my point that characters that seek power are inherently corrupt. However Animal Farm may go as far to say that, Napoleon underwent little to no transformation in character at all. He took the potion of leadership so that he could set his plans in motion. In The Godfather it is less strongly suggested as it is in the other texts that the corrupted character was in fact corrupt to begin with. However if we re-examine the portrayal of corruption, which in this case is materialism, we can still use this text to support my theory. We as the audience first see that Michael is corrupt when his materialistic views are made noticed. Before he even gains any power, he offers to kill Sollozzo an enemy to the family, for business, Michael is then instantly seen as an amoral character, as he much like many of the other gangsters are very  materialistic. Michael later becomes more and more materialistic, and therefore becomes more corrupt. As we can see through the numerous killings he orders, including the death of his brother in law, and the casino owner Moe Greene who previously refused to sell Michael his casino. In the texts we can see that any character that seeks power, does so as it allows them to commit acts of corruption. In a text like the Crucible, it has even gone as far to say that those in power must be corrupt, and that moral leaders cannot exist if they have power. Those who are moral and hold power, forfeit their power out of selflessness, while those who retain or seek out power do it for selfish means. Referenced material http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cruciblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_(film)#Themeshttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068646/quoteshttp://www.imdb.com/title/tt0094625/quoteshttp://books.google.co.nz/books?id=Ik73H7d4x8gC&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=%22I+-+I+have+no+witness+and+cannot+prove+it,+except+my+word+be+taken.+But+I+know+the+children%27s+sickness+had+naught+to+do+with+witchcraft.%22&source=bl&ots=38RBlzudbW&sig=sNt3tl0PGtcGTt2oHGQtm8hBcGU&hl=en&ei=UDMfSuWVJ53osgOM9JiQCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPP1,M1http://www.george-orwell.org/Animal_Farm/index.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCarthyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_StalinAnimal Farm, George OrwellThe Crucible, Arthur MillerThe Godfather, Francis Ford CoppolaAkira, Katsuhiro Otomohttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/l/lord_acton.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1 st_Baron_Acton